The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP controls bacterial biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle progression, development and virulence. It is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (with GGDEF domains), degraded by specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs, with EAL of HD-GYP domains) and sensed by a wide variety of c-di-GMP-binding effectors that control diverse targets. c-di-GMP-binding effectors can...

Genetic and environmental factors that affect the formation of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) particles were investigated by growing Lance 5C 10, Lance 2C12, Warigal 5C10 and Warigal 2C12 lines under widely differing temperature regimes in greenhouse conditions. The GMP characteristics and mixing properties of flour extracted from mature wheat kernels were systematically studied. The amount of GMP...

Stimuli of prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis such as thrombin, bradykinin, histamine, and A23187 increase guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels in primary monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein endothelium by about twofold. This effect is dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+. Increases of about tenfold are observed when cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity is i...

We report the discovery of spiral-like structure in Hubble Space Telescope images of two dwarf galaxies (GMP 3292 and GMP 3629) belonging to the Coma cluster. GMP 3629 is the faintest such galaxy detected in a cluster environment, and it is the first such galaxy observed in the dense Coma cluster. The large bulge and the faintness of the broad spiral-like pattern in GMP 3629 suggests that its d...

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is applied to the manufacture of immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs) in a number of regions around the world. Within the European Union (EU) there are well-established requirements for GMP in the manufacture of IVMPs. Maintaining GMP when producing IVMPs is important because there are particular risks associated with their manufacture. These ris...

Bis-(3',5') cyclic di-guanylate (c-di-GMP) is a key bacterial second messenger that is implicated in the regulation of many crucial processes that include biofilm formation, motility and virulence. Cellular levels of c-di-GMP are controlled through synthesis by GGDEF domain diguanylate cyclases and degradation by two classes of phosphodiesterase with EAL or HD-GYP domains. Here, we have determi...

GMP reductase was purified 150,000-fold from human erythrocytes by affinity chromatography on Cibacron blue/agarose. The enzyme was stable to storage and could be assayed spectrophotometrically. Plots of the velocity-* uersus [GMP]-’ demonstrated downward curvature above 250 pM GMP. GTP was found to be a nonessential activator. It caused the K’, for GMP to decrease from 7.5 to 4.4 pM and the V&...

Enteric bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Aerobader aerogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium are not only able to synthesize adenosine 5’-phosphate and guanosine 5’-phosphate de novo, but they can also derive the purine moieties of these nucleotides from each of the purine bases, adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine, as well as from adenosine, inosine, and guanosine (2). Some of the reac...

The EAL domain (also known as domain of unknown function 2 or DUF2) is a ubiquitous signal transduction protein domain in the Bacteria. Its involvement in hydrolysis of the novel second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) was demonstrated in vivo but not in vitro. The EAL domain-containing protein Dos from Escherichia coli was reported to hydrolyze cyclic AMP (cAMP), implying that EAL domai...

In nature, the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi cycles between the unrelated environments of the Ixodes tick vector and mammalian host. In order to survive transmission between hosts, B. burgdorferi must be able to not only detect changes in its environment, but also rapidly and appropriately respond to these changes. One manner in which this obligate parasite regulates and adapts t...