Ginsenoside Rd (Rd), one of the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, has been showed to protect against ischemic cerebral damage both in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism of Rd is largely unknown. Excessive extracellular glutamate causes excitatory toxicity, leading to cell death, and neurodegenerative processes after brain ischemia. The clearance of extracellular glutam...

We derive a unitarity relationship between the spin structure function gLT (x,Q ) = g1(x,Q )+ g2(x,Q ), the LT interference diffractive structure function and the spin-flip coupling of the pomeron to nucleons. Our diffractive mechanism gives rise to a dramatic small-x rise gLT (x,Q ) ∼ g2(x,Q) ∼ ( 1 x )2(1+δg) , where δg is an exponent of small-x rise of the unpolarized gluon density in the pro...

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are surrounded by regions of neuronal and glial hyperactivity. We use in vivo two-photon and wide-field imaging of the glutamate sensor iGluSnFR to determine whether pathological changes in glutamate dynamics in the immediate vicinity of Aβ deposits in APPPS1 transgenic mice could alter neuronal activity in this microenvironment. I...

To test the hypothesis that clozapine-induced reduction of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression is mediated by astrocytes, we studied the effects of clozapine on Glu transporters and Glu uptake in primary astrocyte cultures of the cerebral cortex. Astrocyte cultures treated for 48 h with clozapine exhibited a reduction in GLT-1 levels of about 50%, whereas glutamate-aspartate transporter ...

The glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 may be the predominant Na-dependent glutamate transporter in forebrain. Expression of GLT-1 correlates with astrocyte maturation in vivo and increases during synaptogenesis. In astrocyte cultures, GLT-1 expression parallels differentiation induced by cAMP analogs or by coculturing with neurons. Molecule(s) secreted by neuronal cultures contribute to this in...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical markers of neurotoxicity following subchronic manganese sulfate (MnSO(4)) inhalation. Juvenile rhesus monkeys were exposed to MnSO(4) at 0, 0.06, 0.3, or 1.5 mg Mn/m(3) for 65 days. Glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate transporters (glutamate transporter-1 [GLT-1] and glutamate/aspartate transporter [GLAST]) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) pro...

We prove First Fundamental Theorems of Coinvariant Theory for the standard coactions of the quantum groups Oq(GLt(K)) and Oq(SLt(K)) on the quantized algebra Oq(Mm,t(K)) ⊗ Oq(Mt,n(K)). (Here K is an arbitrary field and q an arbitrary nonzero scalar.) In both cases, the set of coinvariants is a subalgebra of Oq(Mm,t(K))⊗Oq(Mt,n(K)), which we identify. Introduction One of the highlights of classi...

Extracellular glutamate concentrations are regulated by glial and neuronal transporter proteins. Four glutamate transporter subtypes have been identified in rat brain; GLAST and GLT-1 are primarily astrocytic, whereas EAAC1 and EAAT4 are neuronal. Using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry with subtype-specific antipeptide antibodies, we examined the protein expression and regional and cellu...

When we evaluated changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and two glutamate transporter (GTs) by immunohistochemistry, expression of GFAP showed a significant increase in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-injected rats; however, this expression was strongly inhibited by electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation. Robust downregulation of glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate t...

The transport of glutamate across the plasma membrane is coupled to the movement of cations (Na+, K+, and H+) that are necessary for glutamate uptake and transporter cycling as well as anions that are uncoupled from the flux of glutamate. Although the relationship between these coupled (stoichiometric) and uncoupled (anion) transporter currents is poorly understood, transporter-associated anion...