Abstract Policy gradient methods have become one of the most popular classes algorithms for multi-agent reinforcement learning. A key challenge, however, that is not addressed by many these credit assignment: assessing an agent’s contribution to overall performance, which crucial learning good policies. We propose a novel algorithm called Dr.Reinforce explicitly tackles this combining differenc...

The traditional view that inter-branch judicial independence is a necessary condition for high levels of foreign direct investment is flawed because it neglects to consider the significance of the autonomy of judges from societal actors as a distinct factor. Separating these two aspects of judicial independence and then interacting them produces four “judicial regime types”: the Liberal, Partis...

22 Rewards and punishments (reinforcement) powerfully shape behavior. 23 Accordingly, their neuronal representation is of significant interest, both for 24 understanding normal brain-behavior relationships and the pathophysiology of 25 disorders such as depression and addiction. A recent article by Vickery and 26 colleagues in Neuron provides evidence that the neural response to rewards and 27 ...

Calls for greater public accountability for graduate medical education (GME) outcomes continue to come from a broad array of stakeholders. Creation of ways to measure accountability requires a clear understanding of the domains of GME outcomes and the creation of specific measures that are reliable and accurate and do not create an undue measurement burden. Three domains of outcomes are necessa...

This opinion piece focuses on global health action by hands-on bottom-up practice: initiation of an organizational framework and securing financial efficiency are - however - essential, both clearly a domain of well-trained public health professionals. Examples of action are cited in the four main areas of global threats: planetary climate change, global divides and inequity, global insecurity ...

BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, the promotion of collaborative partnerships involving researchers from low and middle income countries with those from high income countries has been a major development in global health research. Ideally, these partnerships would lead to more equitable collaboration including the sharing of research responsibilities and rewards. While collaborative partner...

Gender differences in reward sensitivity and information processing were examined in two studies using a dynamic decision-making task. In Experiment 1, the optimal strategy involved forgoing an option that provided larger immediate rewards in favor of one yielding larger delayed rewards. In Experiment 2, the optimal strategy was to select the option that provided larger immediate rewards becaus...

Impulsivity is characterized in part by heightened sensitivity to immediate relative to future rewards. Although previous research has suggested that "high discounters" in intertemporal choice tasks tend to prefer immediate over future rewards because they devalue the latter, it remains possible that they instead overvalue immediate rewards. To investigate this question, we recorded the reward ...

An ambitious challenge in artificial life is to craft an evolutionary process that discovers a wide diversity of welladapted virtual creatures within a single run. Unlike in nature, evolving creatures in virtual worlds tend to converge to a single morphology because selection therein greedily rewards the morphology that is easiest to exploit. However, novelty search, a technique that explicitly...

Studies comparing neural correlates of reward processing across development yield inconsistent findings. This challenges theories characterizing adolescents as globally hypo- or hypersensitive to rewards. Developmental differences in reward sensitivity may fluctuate based on reward magnitude, and on whether rewards require decision-making. We examined whether these factors modulate developmenta...