For use in an Internet application on whole farm modelling we needed to determine a reasonable crop rotation given only the crops in the rotation and the number of hectares of each crop. The crop rotation problem considered in this paper is therefore that of determining hectares of precrops for each crop. Crop rotation modelling in general is traditionally done by using linear programming. In t...

1. Agriculture is the predominant user (75-80%) of the available freshwater resource in many parts of the world. At present most of the water used to grow crops is derived from rainfed soil moisture, with non-irrigated agriculture accounting for some 60% of production in developing countries. Although irrigation provides only 10% of agricultural water use and covers just around 20% of the cropl...

Transgenic cotton that has been engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and so to resist the pest cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) has been widely planted in Asia. Analysis of the population dynamics of H. armigera from 1992 to 2007 in China indicated that a marked decrease in regional outbreaks of this pest in multiple crops was associated with the plan...

Oil is the most widely distributed source of energy in the world and the largest-scaled environmental pollutant. Oil, oil products, and oil-containing industrial wastes pollution is ranked second place after radioactive pollution on account of their harmful action to ecosystems (Chernyakhovsky et al., 2004). Oil deposits in Russia are mainly located in the northern regions of the European part ...

In general, the Indonesia official land use zone is divided into two main categories: state forest and non-state forest areas. State forest is land area that is designated by the government as “forest zone or areas” (kawasan hutan). Based on the recent Consensus of Forest Land Use (TGHK) and Provincial Spatial Plans (RTRWP), forestland in Indonesia today covers 112.5 million hectares, or almost...

Many Indian capitals are rapidly becoming megacities due to industrialization and rural–urban emigration. Land use within city boundaries has changed dynamically, accommodating development while replacing traditional land-use patterns. Using Landsat-8 and IRS-P6 data, this study investigated land-use changes in urban and peri-urban Hyderabad and their influence on land-use and land-cover. Advan...

in this research, first was identified suitable regions (considering ecological indexes) for intensive and extensive outdoor recreation and their various degrees using the usual tourism ecological model and applying gis. results showed that 297.223 hectares of park area have class 1 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, 86.465223 hectares class 2 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, ...

Urban agriculture is recently being recognized as a distinctive urban land use contributing to greenspaces and food security. The land inventory forms the critical first step in identifying sites for urban agriculture. The authors’ analysis greatly expands on prior land inventory strategies, first analyzing land cover to identify all open areas available for siting urban agriculture. Then in GI...

Cocoa occupies 6 million hectares in humid coastal West Africa where 70% of the world supply is grown, 90% of which is produced on 2 million family farms of 2 hectares or less. Here, at least 16 million people depend on cocoa but earn only $100/person/year from the crop. There is need to optimize the farming system, minimize the environmental impact of technologies, and improve socio-economic d...

coastal area sensitivity assessment is in fact, the assessment of an extraordinary ecological rich region, in spite of existing environmental polluting factors. this study has been based on established criteria and values. the aim of this sensitivity assessment has been to give objectivity to the boushehr province coastline region, so as to be able to pinpoint areas requiring ecological conserv...