Badlands and gullied areas are among those geomorphic environments with the highest erosion rates worldwide. Nevertheless, records of their evolution and their relations with anthropogenic land transformation are scarcer. Here we combine historical data with aerial photographs and tree-ring records to reconstruct the evolution of a badland in a Mediterranean environment of Central Spain. Histor...

Estimates of carbon store and carbon accumulation rate in mangrove and saltmarsh are beset by issues of scale and provenance. Estimates at a site do not allow scaling to regional estimates if the drivers of variability are not known. Also, carbon accumulation within soils provides a net offset only if carbon is derived in-situ, or would not otherwise be sequestered. We use a network of observat...

In this paper, a Bayesian framework is used to infer HiRISE-equivalent rock density from CTX image features without needing to explicitly identify rocks. The statistical relationship between HiRISE rock density and CTX image features is modeled using Bayesian Networks. The model is enriched by including geological features—specifically, geomorphic units. The geomorphic units are identified by g...

Aquatic ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle and represent substantial source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, little attention has been paid to quantifying how aquatic community respiration (CR), a major source of CO2, will respond to warming temperatures expected under climate change, and whether landscape features affect temperature modulation of CR...

iv 1 Components of Reliability and U 1 2 Relative Utility Index Ur for Composite Scores 4 3 Estimating Ur for Raw Scores and Ũr for Scale Scores 5 3.1 Raw Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2 Scale Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1 Variance of T ̃ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 X 3.2.2 Covariance of T...

This paper studies a general notion of flatness in the enriched context: P-flatness where the parameter P stands for a class of presheaves. One obtains a completion of a category A by considering the category F latP(A) of P-flat presheaves over A. This completion is related to the free cocompletion under a class of colimits defined by Kelly. We define a notion of Q-accessible categories for a f...