Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been proved to be effective improve the structural strength and ductility for column structures. An experimental study was conducted investigate compressive performance of FRP confined glued-laminated timber (GLT) cross-laminated (CLT) columns. A total 60 specimens two dimensions in height using different types, thickness, laminate types were tested under cycl...

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter, but prolonged exposure even at micromolar concentrations causes neuronal death. Extracellular glutamate is maintained at nanomolar level by glutamate transporters, which, however, may reverse transport and release glutamate. If and when the reverse occurs depends on glutamate transport stoichiometry (GTS). Previously we found that in the prese...

AIM Tyrosine kinase receptor-B (TrkB), a high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), functions via specific binding with the BDNF. Although studies have shown that BDNF promotes the expression of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) in the glial cells during neurodegeneration, evidence is lacking regarding whether BDNF/TrkB pathway is associated with the abnormal function of...

GLT-1, the major glutamate transporter in the adult brain, is abundantly expressed in astrocytic processes enveloping synapses. By limiting glutamate escape into the surrounding neuropil, GLT-1 preserves the spatial specificity of synaptic signaling. Here we show that the amyloid-β peptide Aβ1-42 markedly prolongs the extracellular lifetime of synaptically released glutamate by reducing GLT-1 s...

The theory of generalized locally Toeplitz (GLT) sequences is a powerful apparatus for computing the asymptotic spectral distribution square matrices An arising from discretization differential problems. Indeed, as mesh fineness parameter n increases to ∞, sequence {An}n often turns out be GLT sequence. In this paper, motivated by recent applications, we further enhance developing full rectan...

Responses to the synthetic terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) in the mouse are controlled by H-2-1inked Ir-GLTgenes. (Responder x nonresponder) F(1) hybrid mice, themselves phenotypic responders, can be primed with GLT to develop specific helper cells capable of interacting with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hapten (DNP)-primed F(1) B cells in response to DNP-GLT. Unlike the indiscrimin...

The lateral habenula (LHb) regulates the activity of monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem. This area has recently attracted a surge of interest in psychiatry because studies have reported the pathological activation of the habenula in patients with major depression and in animal models. The LHb plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of depression; however, how habenular neurons are a...

PURPOSE Glaucoma is a common disease of the eye, a key characteristic consequence of which is the death of retinal ganglion cells. The cause of this loss is unknown, though glutamate-mediated toxicity has been implicated. Glutamate transporters are key regulators of glutamate; therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine whether unusual excitation is associated with unusual expression o...

In this study we determined the role of immunoglobulin (Ig) germline transcripts in the isotype switch differentiation of the cloned lymphoma B cell line CH12.LX. In initial studies, we showed that addition of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin 4 (IL-4), either alone or in combination, augment switching from membrane (m)IgM+ to mIgA+ cells, and that increased switching i...

Glutamatergic pathways mediate transmission of pain. Strategies to reduce glutamatergic neurotransmission may have beneficial effects to mitigate nociception. Recent work revealed that overexpression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) by transgenic or pharmacologic approaches produced a diminished visceral nociceptive response to colonic distension. The purpose of this study was to...