We consider the Hartle–Hawking wavefunction of universe defined as a Euclidean path integral that satisfies “no-boundary proposal.” focus on simplest minisuperspace model comprises single scale factor degree freedom and positive cosmological constant. The can be seen non-linear σ-model with line-segment base. reduce over lapse function to an proper length base use diffeomorphism-invariant measu...

The Gauge Technique has been applied to QED2+1 in the quenched case with infrared subtraction. The behaviour of the fermion propagator near the threshold is then found to be S(p) → (γ · p+m) (p −m) ( p −m 2m ) exp(− ης 2 ), where ς = e/(4πm) and this is gauge invariant except the exponential factor. We also find a spectral function in the Landau and Yennie like gauge. The propagators S(p) are e...

the main task of drilling the formation by the bit is done via scraping, crushing and grinding. discharging the fluid from the bit nozzles is done with high pressure which assists to break the rocks. different parameters affect the bit selection and design for each drilling formation, but the most important one is drillability that depends on hardness of the formation. in this paper, the design...

We study the gauge bosons coupled to spin 2 operators as the singleton fields in three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space(AdS3). One of these can be expressed in terms of a pair of dipole A and B which couple to D and C operators at timelike infinity of AdS3. These operators form the logarithmic conformal field theory(LCFT2). Using the correlation function for logarithmic pair, we calculate the g...

The Schrödinger equation of a charged particle in a uniform electric field can be specified in either a time-independent or a time-dependent gauge. The wavefunction solutions in these two gauges are related by a phase-factor reflecting the gauge symmetry of the problem. In this article we show that the effect of such a gauge transformation connecting the two wave-functions can be mimicked by th...

The basic features of a quantum field theory which is Poincaré invariant, gauge invariant, finite and unitary to all orders of perturbation theory is reviewed. Quantum gravity is perturbatively finite and unitary to all orders of perturbation theory. The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula for a black hole is investigated in a conical Rindler space approximation to a black hole event horizon. A ...

The main task of drilling the formation by the bit is done via scraping, crushing and grinding. Discharging the fluid from the bit nozzles is done with high pressure which assists to break the rocks. Different parameters affect the bit selection and design for each drilling formation, but the most important one is drillability that depends on hardness of the formation. In this paper, the design...

the bft approach is used to formulate the electronic states in graphene through a non-commutative space in the presence of a constant magnetic field b for the first time. in this regard, we introduce a second class of constrained system, which is not gauge symmetric but by applying bft method and extending phase space, the second class constraints  converts  to the first class constraints so th...