The ethanol blend wall and high RIN prices has become a controversial policy issue. We develop a model showing how RIN prices reflect the costs of overcoming the blend wall, namely biodiesel consumed in excess of its mandate and expansion of E85 sales. These costs are very high and are shown to be borne by producers and consumers of ethanol and gasoline. Although RIN prices reduce consumer pric...

Gasoline and crude oil price movements have been the focus of many studies in last decade. We use asymmetric error correction model (ERM) to examine hypothesis pricing for both regular premium gasoline markets at US national level four states with highest consumption. Using weekly retail prices from June 2000 February 2023, results show an response market all level. However, adjustment speed te...

This paper presents experimental test results of a new compressed natural gas direct injection (CNG-DI) engine that has been developed from modification of a multi cylinder gasoline port injection (PI) engine. The major modifications done are (1) the injection system has been modified to gas direct injection using new high pressure gas injectors, (2) compression ratio has been changed from 10 t...

Gasoline motor is an internal combustion where the power used to drive obtained from of fuel that occurs inside itself, so gases occur simultaneously function as a working fluid. Advances in automotive technology, including high compression systems, require right type for complete combustion. This can be met by using C20 additives improve engine performance. study compares use pure gasoline wit...

In this study, fuzzy expert system (FES) was designed by using Matlab software for determination of performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline engine which is Briggs and Stratton Vanguard trademark, a cylinder, cylinder volume 182 cm. In the designed FES, intake valve opening advance (advance-) and engine speed (nd/d) were determined as input parameters whereas torque (Me-Nm), power...

High dependence on imported oil has increased U.S. strategic vulnerability and prompted more research in the area of renewable energy production. Ethanol production from renewable woody biomass, which could be a substitute for gasoline, has seen increased interest. This study analysed energy use and greenhouse gas emission impacts on the forest biomass supply chain activities within the State o...

Exposures to low levels of lead in the environment are believed to have potentially significant health effects, especially in children; such exposures to the general population come from many sources. Responsibility for regulating lead exposures has been derived from a multitude of laws passed by the Congress, and thus ultimate protection of people depends on actions taken by several agencies o...