Galaxy evolution is an important topic, and our physical understanding must be complete to establish a correct picture. This includes thorough treatment of feedback. The effects thermal–mechanical radiative feedback have been widely considered; however, cosmic rays (CRs) are also powerful energy carriers in galactic ecosystems. Resolving the capability CRs operate as agent therefore essential a...

We investigate numerically the contribution to the cosmic gamma-ray background from cosmic-rays ions and electrons accelerated at inter-galactic shocks associated with cosmological structure formation. We show that the kinetic energy of accretion flows in the low-red-shift inter-galactic medium is thermalized primarily through moderately strong shocks, which allow for an efficient conversion of...

Particles are accelerated in cosmic sites probably under conditions very different from those at terrestrial particle accelerator laboratories. Nevertheless, specific experiments which explore plasma conditions and stimulated particle acceleration carry significant potential to illuminate some aspects of the cosmic particle acceleration process. Here we summarize what we have learned about cosm...

Aims. A model to describe cosmic ray spectra in the energy region from 10 11 up to 10 17 eV is suggested. It bases on the preposition that Galactic cosmic ray flux is a mixture of fluxes, accelerated by shocks from nova and supernova explosions of different types. Methods. We analyze recent experimental data on cosmic ray spectra obtained in direct measurements above the atmosphere and data obt...

Aims. A model to describe cosmic ray spectra in the energy region from 10 10 to 10 17 eV is suggested based on the assumption that Galactic cosmic ray flux is a mixture of fluxes accelerated by shocks from nova and supernova of different types. Methods. We analyze recent experimental data on cosmic ray spectra obtained in direct measurements above the atmosphere and data obtained with ground Ex...

The majority of the highest energy cosmic rays are thought to be electrically charged: protons or nuclei. Charged particles experience angular deflections as they pass through galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. As a consequence correlation of cosmic ray arrival directions with potential sources has proved to be difficult. This situation is not helped by current data samples where the ...

The NINA apparatus, on board the Russian satellite Resurs-01 n.4, has been in polar orbit since 1998 July 10, at an altitude of 840 km. Its main scientific task is to study the galactic, solar and anomalous components of cosmic rays in the energy interval 10–200 MeV n. In this paper we present a description of the instrument and its basic operating modes. Measurements of Galactic Cosmic Ray spe...

The Earth is continually exposed to the cosmic radiation of both solar and galactic origin. Solar eruption and solar activity may affect cosmic radiation flux density which has a secondary effect on the flux of particles in the atmosphere as well. Such one event was recorded in the last week of October 2003, where the measured dose rate of the cosmic radiation in the aircraft ATR 42 was 1.8 tim...