We found previously that mouse mammary epithelial cells cultured in the presence of the mammogenic hormones progesterone and prolactin and treated with the carcinogen .V-methyl-.V-nitrosourca produced a high frequency of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and carcinomas with squamous metaplasia upon transplantation to syngeneic mice. The ma jority of these mammary transformants had an activated c-Ki...

We found previously that mouse mammary epithelial cells cultured in the presence of the mammogenic hormones progesterone and prolactin and treated with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea produced a high frequency of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and carcinomas with squamous metaplasia upon transplantation to syngeneic mice. The majority of these mammary transformants had an activated c-Ki-ra...

BACKGROUND Healthcare-utilization data for multiple sclerosis (MS) are scarce in Germany. The Purpose of the study was to analyse administrative prevalence of MS, medication use and type of specialists involved in MS treatment in the outpatient setting in Bavaria. METHODS Pseudonymized claims data from Bavarian Statutory Health Insurance (SHI)-accredited physicians were used. Administrative p...

Pharmacological experiments on Ascaris suum have demonstrated the presence of three (N-, L-, and B-) subtypes of cholinergic receptor mediating contraction of body wall muscle in parasitic nematodes. In the present study, these ionotropic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) were activated by levamisole and bephenium under patch-clamp conditions and competitively antagonized by paraherquamide...

We present results on approximately one year of INTEGRAL observations of six AGN detected during the regular scans of the Galactic Plane. The sample is composed by five Seyfert 2 objects (MCG –05–23–16, NGC 4945, the Circinus galaxy, NGC 6300, ESO 103–G35) and the radio galaxy Centaurus A. The continuum emission of each of these sources is well represented by a highly absorbed (NH > 10 cm) powe...

This paper analyzes dividend remittances by a large panel of foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational firms. The dividend policies of foreign affiliates, which convey no signals to public capital markets, nevertheless resemble those used by publicly held companies in paying dividends to diffuse common shareholders. Robustness checks verify that dividend policies of foreign affiliates are little...

Three factors significantly influence profit repatriations by U.S. multinational firms: tax considerations, domestic financing and investment needs, and agency problems inside firms. Dividend repatriations are surprisingly persistent and resemble dividend payments to external shareholders. Tax considerations are influential but not decisive. Affiliates whose organizational forms carry differing...

Riboswitches are cis-acting genetic control elements. Due to their fundamental importance in bacteria gene regulation, they have been proposed as antibacterial drug targets. Tetrahydrofolate (THF) is an essential cofactor of one-carbon transfer reactions and downregulates the expression of downstream genes. However, information on how to transfer from the binding site of THF to the expression p...

Microcin PDI inhibits a diversity of pathogenic Escherichia coli through the action of an effector protein, McpM. In this study we demonstrated that expression of the inhibitory phenotype is induced under low osmolarity conditions and expression is primarily controlled by the EnvZ/OmpR two-component regulatory system. Functional, mutagenesis and complementation experiments were used to empirica...

Article history: Received 28 August 2009 Received in revised form 2 December 2010 Accepted 8 December 2010 Available online 15 December 2010 We examine the determinants of corporate cash management policies across a broad sample of international firms. We document that firms in countries with strong legal protection of minority investors are more likely to decrease their cash holdings in respon...