The Heat Release Rate (HRR) model of ICEs is known to be most sensitive the ratio specific heats, ?, which depended on temperature and excess air ratio, ?. HRR cannot measured directly. As such, accurate models, as well expressions ? ? are required behaviour mathematically. In this work, an improved based ?(T,?) was used investigate effect syngas substitution diesel at constant energy combustio...

BACKGROUND The focus of REDD+ is sensu stricto on maintaining forest carbon stocks. We extend the scope of sustainable management of forest from forests to timber utilization, and study carbon offsets resulting from the utilization of harvested timber for bio energy or harvested wood products (HWPs). The emission budget of harvesting operations depends on the loss of standing biomass by timber ...

Volumetric combustion has been developed to realize a high substitution ratio of biomass in co-firing boilers, which features an intensive flue gas internal recirculation inside furnace. However, the characteristics of NOx and SOx emissions in large-scale boilers with volumetric combustion were not fully clear. In this paper, an Aspen Plus model of volumetric combustion system was built up base...

Substitution of natural gas for coal is one means of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, natural gas and coal use also results in emissions of other radiatively active substances including methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2), a sulfate aerosol precursor, and black carbon (BC) particles. Will switching from coal to gas reduce the net impact of fossil fuel use on global climate? Usi...

A major obstacle for the transformation to a low-carbon economy is the risk of a carbon lock-in: fossil fuel-based (“dirty”) technologies dominate the market although their carbon-free (“clean”) alternatives are dynamically more efficient. We study the interaction of learning-by-doing spillovers and the substitution elasticity between the clean and the dirty sector in an intertemporal general e...

Some argue that peak conventional oil production is imminent due to physical resource scarcity. We examine the alternative possibility of reduced oil use due to improved efficiency and oil substitution. Our model uses historical relationships to project future demand for (a) transport services, (b) all liquid fuels, and (c) substitution with alternative energy carriers, including electricity. R...

Some Parties (Countries) to the UNFCCC decided to include the carbon uptake by harvested wood products (HWP) in a new general accounting framework after 2012 (post Kyoto). The analysis aims to make a comparison between the cascaded use of HWP and the use of wood for energy. We combine the new HWP framework with an assumed increased 50 million m harvest level in Canada and evaluate the impact of...

We explore how and by how much assumptions about elasticities of substitution affect estimates of the cost of GHG emissions reduction policies in computable general equilibrium (CGE) models using G-Cubed, an intertemporal CGE model, to carry out a sensitivity and factor decomposition analysis. The results suggest that the average abatement cost rises non-linearly as elasticities are reduced. Su...

The impending adverse effects of Global Climate Change encourages the substitution fossil fuels with non-carbon sources for electricity generation. However, while fuel power plants may generate electric at demand, most abundant renewable energy sources–wind and solar–are intermittent or periodically variable. This necessitates development adequate storage utility/grid level. Using actual data h...

Rising world fuel prices, the growing demand for energy, and concerns about global warming are the key factors driving renewed interest in renewable energy sources and in bioenergy. Nowadays, the world energy demand has increased significantly due to the global industrialization and increase of population. As a result, the current limited reservoirs will soon be depleted at the current rate of ...