Phylogenetic relationships within the dogwood genus Cornus have been highly controversial due to the great morphological heterogeneity. Earlier phylogenetic analyses of Cornus using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) data (including rbcL and matK sequences, as well as restriction sites) and morphological characters suggested incongruent relationships within the genus. The present study generated sequence ...

With the economic pressures for high yields and production efficiency, there has been increasing use of the method of minimal or mechanical pruning due to its reduced inputs and higher yields. Yet, many times the yields on minimally-pruned vines may be too high for the juice Brix and quality required by the industry. Since this production method changes many of the basic relationships we have d...

one of the most important operations in managed gardens is pruned grapes. for evaluate the effect of pruning short, medium, heavy on yield and yield components of taif grapes, before and after the cold winter, in the years 2012 to 2013, a factorial experiment in a crbd design with five replicates were performed on two factors. the first factor was the number of buds per stem and included the th...

high temperature is the most important limiting factor for plant growth in many regions. this problem is very serious because of a heading global warming phenomenon. so study of high temperature effects on different cultivars and species and finding out solution to improve plant tolerance is necessary. in this research, effect of mycorrhizalarboscular fungus on some physiological traits of grap...

Seven citrus orchards on reduced to no pesticide spray programs were sampled for Thysanoptera in central and south central Florida. Inner and outer canopy leaves, fruits, twigs, trunk scrapings, vines and ground cover plants were sampled monthly between January 1995 and January 1996. Thirty-six species of thrips were identified from 2,979 specimens collected from within citrus tree canopies and...

economic and social changes in recent decades led to regional imbalance and inordinate concentration of facilities in some parts and bereavement of other parts. we need to district and regional planning which its objective is providing an appropriate model for balanced distribution of services according to population of settlements or spatial balance in the region. the topics of sustainable dev...

Types of xylem histology in vines, rather than types of cambial activity and xylem conformation, form the focus of this survey. Scandent plants are high in conductive capability, but therefore have highly vulnerable hydrosystems; this survey attempts to see what kinds of adaptations exist for safety and in which taxa. A review of scandent dicotyledons reveals that a high proportion possesses va...

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is considered to be one of the most economically destructive viral diseases of grapevines worldwide, resulting in reduced vine vigor, yield reductions, and poor fruit quality. Five pathogens (grapevine leafroll-associated viruses) are recognized as causal agents of this disease, of which Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the most common. Althoug...

Seed dispersal by frugivores plays a key role in structuring and maintaining tree diversity forests. However, little is known about how the spatial legacy of seed early recruitment shapes patterns interaction network plant species mature forest communities. We analysed two fully mapped mixed Pine–Oak communities using point pattern analysis to determine (a) detailed structure intraspecific sapl...