Changes to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control policies since 2001 mean that emergency vaccination must be considered more readily as a control measure in the future. Since field application of vaccine for emergency use has only rarely been applied, the effectiveness of single dose administration, as a control measure in an outbreak situation, is poorly understood. In this review we consider a...

  FMD is one of the most highly contagious diseases of animals, caused by RNA virus belong to Picornaviridae family and Aphtovirus genus. A broad host range and occurrence of FMDV as seven serotypes and also intratypic antigenic variation without clear cut demarcations, which interferes with a concept of sub typing these factors make difficult conditions to diagnosis, control and eradication of...

Human vaccinology, with its primary focus on the individual, seems far removed from veterinary medicine, with its concern for the health of the herd. Yet several episodes in the past (smallpox, fowl cholera, anthrax, swine erysipelas, rabies, tuberculosis, etc.) serve to illustrate the proximity between research on veterinary and human vaccines. In some cases the human vaccine was developed fir...

Introduction We have designed a synthetic peptide-based system for the control of FMD, having synthetic peptide-based NS immunoassays and peptide-based marker vaccines. The UBI system for FMD has two indirect ELISAs for screening animals based on 3B nonstructural protein (NS) synthetic antigen, for detection of animals that may be carrying infectious virus and for differentiation of exposed fro...

The last confirmed case of FMD in the UK was recorded on 30 September 2001. Since then, all counties in Great Britain have been classed as FMD free for the purposes of licensed movements of animals, following an absence of outbreaks of disease for at least 3 months and extensive serological surveillance of sheep and goat flocks. On 22 January 2002, the OIE (World Animal Health Organisation) res...

AIM To detect and identify the causative agent or agents of the following clinical symptoms which were fever, lack of appetite, salivation, vesiculation, erosions of the buccal mucosa, nose, and feet. The signs vary from mild to severe. The mortality rate of the disease is high. The morbidity rate reaches up to 100%. Sheep also show bloody diarrhea and rapid respiration. Sheep flock resident in...

Indonesia has been hit by outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) after more than 30 years being free FMD. This study aimed to determine the level transmission FMD virus potential economic losses due outbreak. The method used in this research was a case which data for analysis secondary data. analytical reproduction number (R0) impact using Rushton Knight formula. results showed that rate R0 =...

BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock that causes severe economic loss in susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. Although the traditional inactivated vaccine has been proved effective, it may lead to a new outbreak of FMD because of either incomplete inactivation of FMDV or the escape of live virus from vaccine production workshop. Thus, it is urgent to...

FMD serotype “O” with subtype PAN Asia-II, “A” Tur-06 and “Asia-1” Sindh-08 were adapted on the LFBK cell line subsequently BHK-21. After inactivation these subtypes introduced for development of oil based trivalent vaccine against FMD. The study was conducted experimental animals (cow calves) at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Okara. Twenty one unvaccinated cattle calves age gr...