A variety of cytokines and growth factors use the Janus kinase (Jak)-STAT signaling pathway to transmit extracellular signals to the nucleus. STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors. There are seven mammalian STATs and they have critical, nonredundant roles in mediating cellular transcriptional responses to cytokines. The physiolog...

The Rosseland mean opacity of dust in protoplanetary disks is often calculated assuming the interstellar medium (ISM) size distribution and a constant dust-to-gas ratio. However, ratio are distinct from those ISM. Here, we use simple evolution models that incorporate grain growth transport to calculate time grains as function distance star. Dust dynamics sensitive assumed value turbulence stren...

Despite their long recognised pivotal roles in immunological responses, Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are now seen as important players in cancer development and progression. Indeed, mutations in the JAKs are often found in myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and leukaemia, and the constitutive phosphorylation of STATs is a common occurrence...

Contrary to the expected XX/XY sex chromosome complements in hermaphroditism, a variety of karyotypes have been reported instead. Dewhurst et al. (1965) summarized from published reports the karyotypic findings in 27 patients with convincing evidence ofhermaphroditism, as follows: 46,XX (17); 46,XY (2); 46,XX/47,XXX (1); 46,XX/46,XX + Frag (1); 46,XX/46,XY (3); 46,XX/47,XXY/ 49,XXYYY (1); 46,XX...