a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Customer value Relationship value Formative and reflective value models Crosscountry measurement equivalence This commentary reflects on Blocker's cross-cultural investigation of relationship value in business markets, published in this issue, and identifies several research avenues. From a theoretical point of view, researchers should develop and test hypotheses...

While researchers go to great lengths to justify and prove theoretical links between constructs, the relationship between measurement items and constructs is often ignored. By default, the relationship between construct and item is assumed to be reflective, meaning that the measurement items Carol Saunders was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Traci Carte was the associate editor. Ron...

Formative usability evaluation aims at finding usability problems during the development process. The earlier these problems are identified, the less expensive to fix they are. This paper presents some preliminary results from a formative usability testing of the 1st prototype developed for the ARiSE (Augmented Reality in School Environments) project. Keywords—AR-based educational systems, form...

In this paper we report on research related to the provision of automated feedback based on a computer adaptive test (CAT), used in formative assessment. A cohort of 76 second year university undergraduates took part in a formative assessment with a CAT and were provided with automated feedback on their performance. A sample of students responded in a short questionnaire to assess their attitud...

The current paper describes the application of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to the formative e-assessment problem in project management. The proposed approach resolves the issue of personalization, by taking into account, when selecting the item tests in an eassessment, the following elements: the ability level of the user, the targeted difficulty of the test and the learning objective...

The purpose of this empirical research study was to investigate what motivates students to provide formative anonymous feedback to teachers regarding their perceptions of the teaching and learning experience in order to improve student learning. Expectancy theory, specifically Vroom’s Model, was used as the conceptual framework for the study. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test bo...

Tests of clinical competence, which allow decisions to be made about medical qualification and fitness to practise, must be designed with respect to key issues including blueprinting, validity, reliability, and standard setting, as well as clarity about their formative or summative function. Multiple choice questions, essays, and oral examinations could be used to test factual recall and applie...

Data-driven instructional improvement relies on developing coherent systems that allow school staff to generate, interpret and act upon quality formative information on students and school programs. This paper offers a formative feedback system model that captures how school leaders and teachers structure artifacts and practices to create formative information flows across interventions, assess...