Using a unique panel survey of enterprises, we examine the relationship between four categories formalization and firm productivity. We carry out one- two-step productivity estimations whose robustness check with matching doubly robust estimators. The only category that appears to be significantly associated is tax formalization, i.e. firm’s decision pay taxes. This positive association holds f...

We present a machine-checked formalization of elementary abstract algebra in constructive set theory. Our formalization uses an approach where we start by specifying the group axioms as a collection of inference rules, defining a logic for groups. Then we can tell whether a given set with a binary operation is a group or not, and derive all properties of groups constructively from these inferen...

Constraints are inherent in most spatial datasets. However, they are often not defined explicitly and therefore cannot be enforced. This leads to the need for an explicit formalization of spatial constraints. In order to identify the diverse formalization requirements, previous research on constraint classification and usage in both data integration and generalization is analyzed. Also differen...

We present a Nominal Isabelle formalization of an expressive core fragment of XQuery, a W3C standard functional language for querying XML documents. Our formalization focuses on results presented in the literature concerning XQuery’s operational semantics, typechecking, and optimizations. Our core language, called mini-XQuery, omits many complications of XQuery such as ancestor and sibling axes...

i-Abstract The role of medical protocols is becoming more and more important in the medical field. Within the Protocure project it has been shown that the quality of medical protocols can be improved by formalization, something much easier said than done. The formalization turns out to be a very time-consuming task resulting in a formal protocol that is much more complex than the original versi...

We show how the formalization and application of schemata for program development can be reduced to the formalization and application of derived rules of inference. We formalize and derive schemata as rules in theories that axiomatize program data and programs themselves. We reduce schema-based program development to ordinary theorem proving, where higher-order uniication is used to apply rules...

This panel aims at exploring formalization in use, i.e. how people acquire, develop, use, and communicate formalizations. The notion of formalization applied here emphasizes its situational and historical roots. We would like to take as our point of departure an acknowledgement of well-known obstacles in using formalization, but we want to get further than that, to an acknowledgement of the con...

In spite of their industrial success, the development of intelligent systems is still a complex and risky task. When building intelligent systems, we see that domain knowledge is often present at different levels of formalization—ranging from text documents to explicit rules. In this paper, we describe the knowledge formalization continuum as a metaphor to help domain specialists during the kno...