Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of methanolic extract of Bridelia retusa fruit (BRME) were evaluated against different animal models in rodents. Antinociceptive effects of BRME were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin test. Anti-inflammatory effects of BRME in three different doses, namely, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, were evaluated by utilizing di...

introduction: it is known that acute and chronic stress induce hormonal and neuronal changes which affecting both pain threshold and nociceptive behaviours. orexin plays an important role in modulation of pain and stress. considering pain modulation during stress and the role of orexin in pain and stress, orexin might be involved in pain modulation during stress.we evaluated the involvement of ...

Gonadal hormones have been shown to exert modulatory effects on nociception and analgesia. To investigate the role of gonadal hormones in the response by female rats to both phasic and persistent nociceptive stimulation, we evaluated the effects of long-term ovariectomy (OVX, 6 months) on the thermal pain threshold and on formalin-induced responses. The thermal pain threshold was evaluated with...

the involvement of supraspinal alpha-adrenergic receptors in tonic pain was assessed in formalin-induced pain in rats. the alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine, along with yohimbine and prazosin, α2 and α1 receptor antagonists, were introduced intracerebroventrically (icv) and/or systemically in different doses. the data show that 1) clonidine exerts an alpha adrenergic analgesic effect, in ad...

Introduction: 17β-Estradiol is a neuroactive steroid and its pain modulatory role has been well studied previously. 17β-Estradiol modulates nociception by binding to its receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane - bound receptors such as glutamate and GABAA receptors. Paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is also involved in pain modulation and perception, in addition...

Itch is one of the major complications of skin diseases. Although there are various substances that induce itch or pruritus, it is evident that histamine is the best known endogenous agent that evokes itch. Even though histamine-induced itch has been studied for some time, the underlying mechanism of itch is just beginning to emerge. Although various downstream signaling pathways of histamine r...

In conscious rats implanted with an intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula, effect of icv injections of histamine, chlorpheniramine (H(1)-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H(2)-receptor blocker) was investigated in a rat model of acute trigeminal pain. Acute trigeminal pain was induced by putting a drop of 5 M NaCl solution on the corneal surface of the eye and the numbers of eye wipes were c...

In conscious rats implanted with an intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula, effect of icv injections of histamine, chlorpheniramine (H -receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H -receptor blocker) was investigated in a rat model of acute trigeminal pain. Acute trigeminal pain was induced by putting a drop of 5 M NaCl solution on the corneal surface of the eye and the numbers of eye wipes were count...

In the present study, the effects of intra-hippocampal microinjections of morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) were investigated in the formalin-induced orofacial pain in rats. Orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous injection of formalin (1 %, 50 μl) in the upper lip region and the time spent of face rubbing was measured in 3-min blocks for 45 min. Formalin induc...

in this study, the effects of acute and chronic lithium on nociception induced by formalin and its interactions with morphine-induced analgesia were studied in mice. formalin test was selected to study nociception. subcutaneous injection of different doses of morphine (1.5, 3 and 6 mg/kg) induced analgesia in a dose dependent manner in both phases of the formalin test. intraperitoneal administr...