A roof provides protection to be safe from direct sunlight. From the shelter, shadow alone is not expected. Durability, sustainability, less life cycle cost, and low maintenance cost are expected from a selected roof. The world has a thirst to have a best roof. No roof will fulfil the requirement of humanity since the climatic conditions are different. Hence the roof should be selected accordin...

The roof garden has great functioning of smoothing the shortage of land resource in the city and making use of the land resource diversity and efficiently. The modern era, following the fast development of economic and society, people have a high claim to green roof or roof garden. It is an efficient and reasonable way to exploit the open space the roof of the building. From the classic roof ...

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive wind tunnel study dedicated to addressing effects underneath array clearance on loading roof-mounted solar panels. Indeed, has crucial influence in many respects ranging from its consideration modeling impact structural safety. A set atmospheric experiments was carried out three configurations multipanel mounted flat roof immersed simulated flow...

The economics in the U.S. of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is changing rapidly as the cost per unit power of PV modules has dropped quickly. These costs reductions have two important results: marked decrease in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) into ranges competitive or better than traditional electricity-generation technologies and the economic role of racking has been gaining prominence...

To mitigate the urban heat island effect has become a global issue when we are faced with the challenge of climate change. Through literature review, plant photosynthesis can reduce the carbon dioxide and mitigate the urban heat island effect to a degree. Because there are not enough open space and parks, green roof has become an important policy in Taiwan. We selected elementary school buildin...

This study investigates people's preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, exte...

It has been proven that roof runoff water plays an important role in the high metallic concentration levels in urban rainwater since metallic elements are generated by corrosion of roof materials before being swept away by rainwater. The aim of TOITEAU project is therefore to model this phenomenon, evaluating the metallic flows from roofs in rainwater. To achieve this goal, an important work ha...

The phenotypic appearance of the head of animal species depends strongly on the shape of the skull. The present study has been carried out on morphological and radiographic characteristics of skull of the Indian Blackbuck. The skull comprised of cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones included occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, interparietal, parietal, frontal and temporal. The occipital was a s...

It is difficult to evaluate the sloshing load acting on a fixed roof of tank because it depends on the collision of the liquid to the roof. In this paper, the SPH simulation was introduced to evaluate the load acting on a fixed roof. The results obtained by the simulation showed good agreement with those obtained from other method. In addition, the effect of the roof-liquid clearance on the slo...