Subject: At the end of December 2019, a COVID-19 outbreak was reported for first time in Wuhan, China. Which quickly expanded throughout China, then to 209 nations across America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. More than 50,000 people have died over one million individuals been afflicted worldwide, with number fast rising. has combated various ways around world. The gold standard diagnosis is rea...

Background Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease without specific diagnostic biomarkers. However, recent evidence suggests an involvement of the innate immune system in pathogenesis axSpA [1]. The lectin pathway complement activation serves essential functions system, regulates homeostasis and development. We have previously shown proteins (LPPs) L-ficolin ...

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a group of rheumatologic diseases, including axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), psoriatic arthritis, arthritis with associated inflammatory bowel disease (i.e. Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis), reactive undifferentiated SpA, which all share certain clinical, biological genetic features. However, the pathogenesis remains largely unexplained. Recent evidence sugge...

Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) is a membrane receptor expressed on a wide range of cells. It is involved in immune complex clearance, phagocytosis, and complement regulation. Its ectodomain is composed of 30 complement control protein (CCP) modules, organized into four long homologous repeats (A-D). In addition to its main ligands C3b and C4b, CR1 was reported to interact with C1q and mannan-...

Human M-ficolin is a pathogen-associated molecular recognition molecule in the innate immune system, and it binds to some sugars, such as GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine), on pathogen surfaces. From previous structural and functional studies of the FD1 (M-ficolin fibrinogen-like domain), we proposed that the ligand-binding region of FD1 exists in a conformational equilibrium between active and non-...

Background: M-ficolin, a pathogen recognition molecule in the innate immune system, binds sugar residues including Nacetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), which is displayed on invading microbes and on apoptotic cells. The cis and trans Asp282Cys283 peptide bond in the M-ficolin, which was found to occur at neutral and acidic pH in crystal structures, has been suggested to represent binding and non-bin...