The association of fetal sex with pregnancy induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, the interaction between sex and risk factors for fetal growth restriction, and the increased likelihood of second stage arrest with male sex have all been studied. However, a Medline search (1966 to August 2002) using the search terms fetal gender, fetal sex, labour, delivery, and childbirth found no studies on ...

Mammalian sex determination involves complex interacting networks of cellular and hormonal signals leading to the development of male or female phenotypes. Three main sequential processes are involved: first, the establishment of chromosomal sex at fecundation (genetic sex); second, the development of the undifferentiated gonad into either testes or ovaries (gonadal sex); and third, differentia...

7. 1. Summary Vertebrates have various sex determining mechanisms. These have been broadly classified as either genotypic sex determination (GSD) or environmental sex determination (ESD). This terminology, however, may obscure the fact that mixtures between genotypic and environmental sex determination exist, or that genotypic and environmental sex determination may, in fact, be the extremes of...