Introduction: Effective perception of fear signals is crucial for organism survival. When threated, the organism indicates defensive behaviors. Methods: Elevated plus–maze has high efficiency for measurement of fear behavior and is widly used for fear behavior determination. Increase in two parameters percent of openarm entries (%OAE) and percent of time spent in the open-arm (%OAT) in the ...

Introduction: Surgery and anesthesia are the common practice for anesthetist on the one hand and very worrying for the patient and his family on the other. This fear can have potentially dangerous consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the awareness and fear of patients and their companions towards anesthesia. Methods: The present study employed a descrip...

Around 75% of civilians have experienced at least one traumatic event in their lives, and this number is considerably higher in many parts of the world, as well as in military veterans and first responders. Of those exposed to trauma, 15-25% will develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).  PTSD extracts enormous economic, health, and quality of life cost. Thus, it is critical to underst...

Background: Nurses have the most communication with patients with Covid-19 disease who are always afraid of the disease and its consequences. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigating the effect of health hardiness on fear of Covid-19 in nurses with the mediating role tolerance of emotional distress. Methods: The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The statistical ...

Fear of pain is experienced in acute and chronic pain populations, as well as in the general population, and it affects numerous aspects of the orofacial pain experience, including pain intensity, pain-related disability, and pain behavior (e.g., avoidance). A related but separate construct-dental fear-is also experienced in the general population, and it influences dental treatment-seeking beh...

bstract—Fear conditioning and fear extinction play key oles in the development and treatment of anxiety-related isorders, yet there is little information concerning experienial variables that modulate these processes. Here we examned the impact of exposure to a stressor in a different envionment on subsequent fear conditioning and extinction, and hether the degree of behavioral control that the...

Anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress, are more prevalent in women and are characterized by impaired inhibition of learned fear and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dysfunction. Here we examined sex differences in fear extinction and mPFC activity in rats. Females showed more learned fear expression during extinction and its recall, but not fear conditioning. They also showed more spo...

The study explored the relation of fear of death (Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale) to maternal grief (Perinatal Grief Scale-33) following miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death, or infant=child death. The 400 women participants were recruited from the website, e-mail lists, and parent groups of an organization that supports bereaved parents. Fear of death had a statistically significant r...