While in principle, international payments could be carried out using any currency or set of currencies, in practice, the US dollar is predominant in international trade and financial flows. The dollar acts as a ‘vehicle currency’ in the sense that agents in non-dollar economies will generally engage in currency trade indirectly using the US dollar rather than using direct bilateral trade among...

New treatment approaches are needed for patients with severe and composite mental disorders who are resistant to conventional treatments. Such treatment-resistant patients often have diagnoses of psychotic or bipolar disorders or severe personality disorders and comorbid conditions. In this study, we evaluate basal exposure therapy (BET), a novel ward-integrated psychotherapeutic approach for t...

Objective Pre-clinical and uncontrolled studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) showed that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have a potential therapeutic role in refractory cases. The optimal therapeutic strategy in these patients remain to be elucidated. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that repeated administrations of 1×106/kg body weight of allogenic MSCs, that is a sig...

It is well recognised that traumatic events can cause psychological disorders in those who experience them. The most common disorders suffered are depression and substance misuse; others include acute stress reactions, anxiety states and personality changes. One disorder following trauma that has received considerable attention over the past 20 years is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTS...

Abstract Introduction Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) often presents with chronic pruritus. While VLS is associated feelings of isolation, risk mood disorders among females has yet to be quantified on a large scale. Objective Our objective was assess the association development depressive episode, anxiety disorder, major disorder (MDD), and prescription antidepressants benzodiazepines, evaluate i...

Introduction While the role of benzodiazepines (BZDs) has been well established for anxiety and related disorders, there are significant concerns about BZD dependence, withdrawal, tolerance. There is a lot ambiguity regarding potential long-term effects BZDs on mental health. However, risk developing subsequent other substance use disorders in question. Objectives In this electronic medical rec...

INTRODUCTION Providing comprehensive services for about 400 patients in the South Herefordshire area, the community mental health team manages cases of varying severity and complexity, ranging from Schizophrenia, to neuroses and disorders of adult personality. Antipsychotic medication remains a mainstay of treatment and management for patients under the team case load; hence a need exists for a...

globalization is a phenomenon of recent times. the world economy is moving towards a more intense & integrated status while at the same time local economies are becoming more interdependent. the fast pace of globalization and how to tackle the offspring ’s of such a movement have become a major challenge for the whole world as a whole in general and for the developing countries in particular. c...