introduction: borago officinalis flower (borage) is a known sedative in herbal medicine the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of borage hydroalcoholic extract in formalin test male rats. methods: fifty-six adult male albino wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control groups of a (intact), b (saline), and c (positive control) plus test groups of...

in recent decades, the theory of sustainable development has been introduced to several strands of science. this theory and its special view to communities (sustainable community development) as the cell of urban life, demonstrates the solution to urban problems by highlighting the meaning of city neighborhoods. in the local scale, it is essential to use a collaborative process of development, ...