The external noise paradigm (Z.-L. Lu & B. A. Dosher, 1998) was applied to investigate mechanisms of spatial attention in location precuing. Observers were precued or simultaneously cued to identify 1 of 4 pseudocharacters embedded in various amounts of external noise. The cues were either central or peripheral. Both central and peripheral precuing significantly reduced threshold in the presenc...

Movement science research indicates that an external focus of attention benefits learning as well performing movement. Despite these findings from the field sports, on effects in music pedagogy is sparse, especially naturalistic settings. This in-depth, small-sample study investigated effect musical terms accuracy, self-efficacy, confidence, motivation, and engagement, qualitative performance e...