Few non-traditional optimization techniques are applied to the dynamic economic dispatch (DED) of large-scale thermal power units (TPUs), e.g., 1000 TPUs, that consider effects valve-point loading with ramp-rate limitations. This is a complicated multiple mode problem. In this investigation, novel technique, namely, multi-gradient particle swarm (MG-PSO) algorithm two stages for exploring and e...

Overexploitation of natural resources is often viewed as a problem characteristic only the human species. However, any species could evolve capacity to overexploit its essential through selection and competition, even point resource collapse. Here, we describe processes that potentially lead overexploitation synthesize what known about limiters in other We propose there are five pathways counte...

In the mycorrhizal symbiosis, plants exchange photosynthates for mineral nutrients acquired by fungi from the soil. This mutualistic arrangement has been subverted by hundreds of mycorrhizal plant species that lack the ability to photosynthesize. The most numerous examples of this behaviour are found in the largest plant family, the Orchidaceae. Although these non-photosynthetic orchid species ...

Some views of mutualism, where the fitness of two symbiotic partners is higher in association than when apart, assume that they necessarily evolve towards greater benefit for the partners. Most mutualisms, however, seem prone to conflicts of interest that destabilize the partnership. These conflicts arise in part because mutualistic outcomes are conditional, depending upon complex interactions ...

Exploitation in cooperative interactions both within and between species is widespread. Although it is assumed to be costly to be exploited, mechanisms to control exploitation are surprisingly rare, making the persistence of cooperation a fundamental paradox in evolutionary biology and ecology. Focusing on between-species cooperation (mutualism), we hypothesize that the temporal sequence in whi...

The patterns and outcomes of coevolution are expected to depend on intraspecific trait variation. Various evolutionary factors can change this variation in time. As a result, modeling coevolutionary processes solely terms mean values may not be sufficient; one need study the dynamics whole distribution. Here, we develop theoretical framework for studying effects evolving two-species systems. In...

Abstract Wildlife-vehicle collisions are a major cause of mortality in animal populations and can significant population-level effects. Urban areas typically associated with higher road densities unique wildlife communities comparison to rural areas, therefore have the potential be high numbers collisions, roadkill risk. Here, we use citizen science database species distribution models assess h...

The objective of the study is to contribute sustainable governance Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Djangsa and Wild mangos) on rural livelihood communities surrounding rainforest in Yokadouma. economic potential Non-Forest Timber its influence development has made it a constant national international policy debate. However, Cameroon policies institutional Legal framework inconsistent with e...

This study seeks to show that information and communication technology has enabled Internet users commit other crimes affected copyright related rights by very modern technical means, as the moral material of author owners are fruits their creativity in fields literature art, they product so-called literary artistic works, these have known wide circulation digital domain, a financial nature fin...

The inhabitants of the bush lupine in coastal California have been the subject of scientific scrutiny in recent years. Observations of a host-parasitoid interaction in the shrub's foliage, in which victims are significantly less motile than their exploiters, record stable spatial patterns in a fairly homogeneous environment. Though such pattern formation has been found in reaction-diffusion mod...