background mumps, measles and rubella viruses lead to various kinds of complica- tions such as meningoencephalitis, deafness, congenital abnormalities and even cause mortality in malnourished patients,. since 2004, mmr vaccination in two series of one year of age and four to six years has been administered to iranian children as a part of routine vaccination program. recently, mmr vaccination s...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major causes of transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI). In Thailand, the prevalence of HBV infection in new blood donors has decreased gradually from 7.1% in 1988 to 2.6% in 2009. This drastic decline in HBV prevalence is mostly the result of an effective expanded program on immunization (EPI) against HBV; the current coverage rate with H...

BACKGROUND There are disparities in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among elderly minority groups and little guidance as to which intervention or combination of interventions to eliminate these disparities is likely to be most cost-effective. Here, we evaluate the cost-effectiveness of four hypothetical vaccination programs designed to eliminate disparities in elderly vaccination r...

Mayotte and La Reunion islands are currently free of animal rabies and surveillance is performed by the French Human and Veterinary Public Health Services. However, dog rabies is still enzootic in Madagascar with 4 to 10 confirmed human cases each year. The number of antirabies medical centres in Madagascar is still scarce to provide easy access to the local population for post-exposure rabies ...

Hepatitis A, B, and C are important viral hepatitis infections in the Thai population. Hepatitis B vaccination was included in the Thai Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) 10 years ago. In addition, the seroprevalence of hepatitis A has significantly changed in the last two decades. This study was done to evaluate current risk groups for hepatitis A and B infections and identify the magnitud...

BACKGROUND Although vaccination can be a useful tool for control of avian influenza epidemics, it might engender emergence of a vaccine-resistant strain. Field and experimental studies show that some avian influenza strains acquire resistance ability against vaccination. We investigated, in the context of the emergence of a vaccine-resistant strain, whether a vaccination program can prevent the...

OBJECTIVE To determine areas of low vaccination coverage in five cities in Bangladesh (Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Syedpur). METHODS Six studies using lot quality assurance sampling were conducted between 1995 and 1997 by Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival and the Bangladesh National Expanded Programme on Immunization. FINDINGS BCG vaccination coverage was acce...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the economic consequences of a routine varicella vaccination program that targets healthy children. METHODS Decision analysis was used to compare the costs, outcomes, and cost-effectiveness of a routine vaccination program with no intervention. Clinical outcomes were based on a mathematical model of vaccine efficacy that relied on published and unpublished data and on ex...