Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may manifest with heterogeneous patterns according to ethnic origins. The objectives of this study were to describe the influence of various Iranian ethnic origins on clinical measures in patients with AS. Methods: 0ne hundred sixty-three AS patients diagnosed by modified New York 1984 criteria were enrolled consecutively in a cross-sectional study. The ...

Quine argues that if sentences that are set theoretically equivalent are interchangeable salva veritate, then all transparent operators are truth-functional. Criticisms of this argument fail to take into account the conditional character of the conclusion. Quine also argues that, for any person P with minimal logical acuity, if ‘belief’ has a sense in which it is a transparent operator, then, i...

A method for heuristically generating nested beliefs (what some agent believes that another agent-believes ... about a topic) is described. Such nested beliefs (points of view) are esential to many processes such as discourse processing and reasoning about other agents' reasoning processes. Particular interest is paid to the class of beliefs known as atypical beliefs and to intensional descript...

the human being attitudes, customs and their style of life are explained through their musical system design. so far the music is a part of the culture, therefore, to understand a culture one should also consider musical aspect of that culture. the human being attitudes, customs and their style of life are explained through their musical system design. so far the music is a part of the culture,...

We offer an account of beliefs as patterns of behaviour, including linguistic behaviour. Such an account of beliefs is implicit in Ramsey’s treatment of probability, but is extended here to a much wider domain. Various puzzles then appear to dissolve. What is it that we know or believe? Is it sentences? Or is it propositions? In other words, in “Jack believes that X”, what kind of object takes ...

In his paper “Flaws of Formal Relationism”, Mahrad Almotahari argues against the sort of response to Frege’s Puzzle I have defended elsewhere, which he dubs ‘Formal Relationism’. Almotahari argues that, because of its specifically formal character, this view is vulnerable to objections that cannot be raised against the otherwise similar Semantic Relationism due to Kit Fine. I argue in response ...

Identity and collective memory is one of the fascinating subjects in modern sociology. In Iran, it arose again as modern and government-nation discourse emerged, and has been endlessly discussed since then. Such subjects have assumed an increasing importance due to the multi-cultural and multi-ethical existence of Iranian society and recent global developments. Accordingly, the present study ha...