health reforms that emphasize public health and improvements in primary care can be cost-effective measures to achieve health improvements, especially in developing countries that face severe resource constraints. in their paper “shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000,” gusmano et al suggest that shanghai’s health policy-makers have been successful in...

introduction : as the result of epidemiological transition and aging of iranian population, the frequencies of systemic diseases among patients in of need endodontic treatment has increased, especially within developed cities. however, there have been no concise reports of systemic diseases in iranian patients. based on this need, the present investigation was conducted to assess the frequency ...

Fast growing population, excessive expansion of cities, and dominance of automobile in urban life have troubled cities with complicated traffic problems. In many parts of the world, transport network development has always been considered as a solution for this problem. Apparently, one-dimensional ‘traffic solutions’ would never thoroughly bring best results as the city and its problems are com...

According to some researchers (Hopkins, 2004a; Hopkins & Smith, 2008), there is a perception among certain Muslims that anti-Muslim racism is higher in areas where there is a high density of Muslim residents, such as Glasgow. In contrast, other Muslims may feel that Islamophobia is higher in places with fewer numbers of Muslim residents. Through an investigation of Muslims’ experiences of Islam...

e-commerce has made life simple and innovative of individuals and groups consumer behavior in online shopping is different from the physical market where he has access to see the product. the purpose of the research was to study the consumer behavior in online shopping of electronics especially in iran. primary data was collected through the questionnaire survey and by emails from personal cont...

We claim that local e-services benchmarking studies summarized in indexes do little to enhance city managers’ and academics’ understanding of actual e-government performance, or to improve the e-services offered by cities. We undertook a different benchmarking approach, focused on learning best practices among cities, in late 2008 and early 2009. A benchlearning methodology (BLM) was developed,...