Mannheimia haemolytica is responsible for considerable economic losses to cattle, sheep, and goat industries in many parts of the world. This bacterium isone of the causative agents of shipping fever in cattle. Current vaccines against M. haemolytica are moderately efficacious since they do not provide complete protection against the disease. Production of a...

A. calamus that grows in province of Baluchistan and Kerman in Iran plays a major role in the revival of traditional medicine. Despite the useful role of this plant in many ailments, its anti-bacterial properties are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-bacterial activities of rhizomes ware of A. calamus against various strains of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and E...

background: the acute phase response is beneficial to theanimal in restoring homeostasis, and measuring the circulatingacute phase proteins, cytokines, and enzymes can be used toevaluate the innate immune system's responses to invader agentssuch as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. measurement of theseparameters has shown to be useful as diagnostic and prognosticmarkers in animal endotoxemia. objec...

BACKGROUND: The acute phase response is beneficial to theanimal in restoring homeostasis, and measuring the circulatingacute phase proteins, cytokines, and enzymes can be used toevaluate the innate immune system's responses to invader agentssuch as bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Measurement of theseparameters has shown to be useful as diagnostic and prognosticmarkers in animal endotoxemia. OBJEC...

Recent years have seen a remarkable concordance of observations concerning the mechanism of polypeptide translocation during secretion in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells. All organisms have some form of signal recognition particle, and diverse membranes from the Escherichiacoli inner membrane through the yeast and mammalian endo. plasmic reticulum (ER) have a trimeric integral membrane protein...

The tissue-resident macrophages of barrier organs constitute the first line of defence against pathogens at the systemic interface with the ambient environment. In the lung, resident alveolarmacrophages (AMs)providea sentinel functionagainst inhaledpathogens.Bacterial constituents ligate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) onAMs, causingAMs to secrete proinflammatory cytokines that activate alveolar epi...