Populations affected by humanitarian emergencies may require unique strategies to ensure access to life-saving vaccines and attain sufficiently high population immunity to interrupt virus circulation. Vaccination strategies among displaced populations should not be an afterthought and must be part of the vaccine-preventable disease eradication and elimination initiatives from the start.

Eradication and elimination are increasingly a part of the global health agenda. Once control measures have driven infection to low levels, the ecology of disease may change posing challenges for eradication efforts. These challenges vary from identifying pockets of susceptibles, improving monitoring during and after the endgame, to quantifying the economics of disease eradication versus sustai...

Theoretical results show that the measles 'pulse' vaccination strategy can be distinguished from the conventional strategies in leading to disease eradication at relatively low values of vaccination. Using the SIR epidemic model we showed that under a planned pulse vaccination regime the system converges to a stable solution with the number of infectious individuals equal to zero. We showed tha...

A recurring theme in the epidemiological literature on disease eradication is that each pathogen occupies an ecological niche, and eradication of one pathogen leaves a vacant niche that favours the emergence of new pathogens to replace it. However, eminent figures have rejected this view unequivocally, stating that there is no basis to fear pathogen replacement and even that pathogen niches do ...

background helicobacter pylori is the main pathogenic factor for chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. therefore, its successful eradication is important in the disease management. multiple first-line treatments have been employed; the eradication rates in the most successful regimens have been 75%-92%. primary bacterial resistance to antibiotics and patient compliance are two main cause ...

Microorganisms do play in pulpal and periapical infection. Success of endodontic treatment aims at effective eradication bacteria from the root canal space. This, turn, prevents further microbial recolonization. Persistent colonies lead to failure treatment. With advent photodynamic therapy (PDT), a novel invasive approach is aimed complete disinfection with elimination bacteria. Therefore, thi...

Endodontic treatment failure can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial persistence, improperly cleaned and obturated root canals, faulty coronal seal (leakage), untreated canals (missed canals). The presence bacteria such as Enterococcus (E.) faecalis inside the canal system is most common cause endodontic failure. These are more resistant to disinfectants, resulting in an infe...