Equilibrium models of isolation by distance predict an increase in genetic differentiation with geographic distance. Here we find a linear relationship between genetic and geographic distance in a worldwide sample of human populations, with major deviations from the fitted line explicable by admixture or extreme isolation. A close relationship is shown to exist between the correlation of geogra...

The recently introduced concept of oblivious equilibrium aims at approximating Markov-Perfect Nash Equilibria (MPNE) when its calculation is computationally prohibitive in Ericson-Pakes-style games with many players. This paper examines and extends the oblivious equilibrium concept to dynamic discrete choice games. We consider a set of assumptions commonly posed in the applied dynamic games lit...

We provide tight bounds on the rate of convergence of the equilibrium payo sets for repeated games under both perfect and imperfect public monitoring. The distance between the equilibrium payo set and its limit vanishes at rate (1− δ)1/2 under perfect monitoring, and at rate (1− δ)1/4 under imperfect monitoring. For strictly individually rational payo vectors, these rates improve to 0 (i.e., al...

Thermodynamic length is a metric distance between equilibrium thermodynamic states. Among other interesting properties, this metric asymptotically bounds the dissipation induced by a finite time transformation of a thermodynamic system. It is also connected to the Jensen-Shannon divergence, Fisher information, and Rao's entropy differential metric. Therefore, thermodynamic length is of central ...

In order to investigate the behavior of single molecules under conditions far from equilibrium, we have coupled a microfabricated laminar-flow mixer to a confocal optical system. This combination enables time-resolved measurement of Förster resonance energy transfer after an abrupt change in solution conditions. Observations of a small protein show the evolution of the intramolecular distance d...

The formal consideration of the concept of interaction in thermodynamic analysis makes it possible to deduce, in the broadest terms, new results related to the coevolution of interacting systems, irrespective of their distance from thermodynamic equilibrium. In this paper I prove the existence of privileged coevolution trajectories characterized by the minimum joint production of internal entro...

Small objects placed at the water–air interface undergo coexisting attraction and repulsion, causing an equilibrium distance for which a general equation is given.

The surface-atom Casimir-Polder-Lifshitz force out of thermal equilibrium is investigated in the framework of macroscopic electrodynamics. Particular attention is devoted to its large distance limit that shows a new, stronger behaviour with respect to the equilibrium case. The frequency shift produced by the surface-atom force on the the center-of-mass oscillations of a harmonically trapped Bos...

1 Basic Concepts 2 1.1 Terminology and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Gametic Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Crossingover and Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.5 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1...

1. AN EXPERIMENT WITH COUPLED OSCILLATORS. We begin with an experiment that requires minimal equipment: you just need your left and right forefingers. To get warmed up, first point your right forefinger in the natural way (we refer to this position as the “equilibrium position”). Next move your right forefinger back and forth in a motion that could be graphed as shown in Figure 1, where the dis...