normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa introduction: the performance evaluation of healthcare system in macro-level is important. this paper evaluates performance of health service of asian countries in 2006. methods: in the first step, the initial data for performance evaluation has been collected from the site world health organization (who) and are weighted by analytical hierarchy pro...

pricing for an insurance policy can be described as the process of calculation of expectedcompensation to be paid to property losers as well as associated costs of potential risks. loss forecast isaccurate if the risks will be identified appropriately in order to calculate the frequency and expected severityof losses.this is particularly important about environmental risks since most of them ap...

extended abstract 1. introduction human life is highly dependent on the environment and the services that are provided by the environment. environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the environment, either generalized or local, as they may also impinge on human beings and other organisms. it is a measure of the condition of an environment relative to the requirements of...

Shotgun metagenomics is a low biased technology for assessing environmental microbial diversity and function. However, the requirement for a sufficient amount of DNA and the contamination of inhibitors in environmental DNA leads to difficulties in constructing a shotgun metagenomic library. We herein examined metagenomic library construction from subnanogram amounts of input environmental DNA f...

To build a life cycle assessment (LCA) database of Japanese products embracing their global supply chains in a manner requiring lower time and labor burdens, this study estimates the intensity of embodied global environmental burden for commodities produced in Japan. The intensity of embodied global environmental burden is a measure of the environmental burden generated globally by unit product...

Although the existence of multiple stable phenotypes of living organisms enables random switching between phenotypes as well as non-random history dependent switching called hysteresis, only random switching has been considered in prior experimental and theoretical models of adaptation to variable environments. This work considers the possibility that hysteresis may also evolve together with ra...