Atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground water, surface water, and precipitation. Atrazine is also an endocrine disruptor that, among other effects, alters male reproductive tissues when animals are exposed during development. Here, we apply the nine so-called "Hill criteria" (Strength, Consistency, Specificity, Temporality, Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coher...

In this work, the effects of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two of the most extensively used phthalates, were studied in Chironomus riparius under acute short-term treatments, to compare their relative toxicities and identify genes sensitive to exposure. The ecotoxicity of these phthalates was assessed by analysis of the alterations in gene expression profil...

Scientific relevance . Endocrine disruptors affect the functioning of endocrine organs, which leads to adverse drug reactions. toxicity requires special attention in preclinical studies candidate medicinal products. Aim. The study aimed review international guidelines and approaches assessing risk associated with Discussion. This covers documents that provide a methodological framework for iden...

" There clearly is a need to expand our thinking about ... how best to a&dresspossible human health risk associated with exposure to chemical mixtures withpotentialfor hormone mimetic chemical interactions." Interactive Hormonal Activity of Chemical Mixtures Public and legislative concern that chemicals in our environment may be affecting human health by mimicking natural hormones and disruptin...

As the U.S. EPA begins its program to test endocrine-disrupting effects of pesticides, researchers caution that routine screening methods could distort results [EHP 115:1717–1726; Thigpen et al.]. The team discovered that some commercially available rodent diets can cause early sexual maturation similar to that induced by chemical endocrine disruptors. Furthermore, one rat strain commonly used ...

National and international governments are in the process of establishing testing programs and strategies to assess the safety of currently used chemicals with regard to their potential to interact with the endocrine system of man and wildlife, resulting in potential impacts on reproduction, growth, and/or development. Specifically, the USA, Japan, EU, and OECD have established testing approach...

BACKGROUND It is suggested the declining male birth proportion in some industrialized countries is linked to ubiquitous endocrine disruptor exposure. Stress and advanced parental age are determinants which frequently present positive findings. Multi-factorial influences on population sex ratio are rarely explored or tested in research. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that dual factors of po...

In 2012, the BG1Luc4E2 estrogen receptor (ER) transactivation (TA) method (BG1Luc ER TA) was accepted by U.S. regulatory agencies and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to detect substances with ER agonist activity. The method is now part of the Tier 1 testing battery in the Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. The BG1Luc ER TA method ...