Stakeholders strongly influence project success, particularly for complex projects with heterogeneous stakeholders, and hence, understanding their influence is essential for project management and implementation. This paper proposes an original model based on social network analysis (SNA), which first introduces critical success factors (CSFs) as intermediate variables between stakeholders and ...

language teacher assessment, like many aspects of second language teacher education, is changing. to understand factors that are driving the change, such as work of teaching generally, language teaching in particular, and the role of teachers’ knowledge in teaching, this study examined language teacher assessment schemes across the globe. the aim was to arrive at a set of shared beliefs, attitu...

facing the issues with structural complexity about which stakeholders have different views, has increasingly led to the use of soft systems methodology (ssm) in solving managerial problems. moreover, the flaws of this methodology in the stages of modeling and feasible, desirable changes, have provided the motivation for applying cognitive map (cm) and system dynamics in the ssm modeling. presen...

We analyzed population trends from a constant-effort mist-netting study conducted in central coastal California during the autumns of 1979–1999. Of 31 taxa captured in sufficient numbers, 16 underwent statistically significant declines and none increased. Twice as many species declined from 1989–1999 as compared to 1979–1989. Overall, our results were similar to those of regional Breeding Bird ...

urmia lake and its surroundng wetlands have been severely affected by recent droughts (1998–2003) and a considerable decrease in inflow has affected lake ecosystem components. integrated ecosystem-based management is a useful managing tool for the wise use and biodiversity conservation of wetlands. in the process of developing an integrated ecosystem-based management model for urmia lake, the i...