Gauge symmetries: These are local symmetries that act differently at each space-time point x = (t,x) . They create particularly stringent constraints on the structure of a theory. For example, gauge symmetry automatically determines the interaction between particles by introducing bosons that mediate the interaction. All current models of elementary particles incorporate gauge symmetry. (Detail...

WOLFGANG K. H. PANOFSKY Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California 94309 ABSTRACT This paper reviews some key experiment,s of the past in which the same basic physical processes are attacked both through lepton-photon interactions and by using hadron machines as primary tools. Not surprisingly, it is conrludeh that the basic distinction between lepion-photon ph...

This paper represents model of oscillating universe theory. We try to realize model of both electromagnetic waves and spectrum of elementary particles from the unified point of view. Consideration of problems of the gravitational optics and dark matter is developing from the solid crystal model for the vacuum. The vacuum is represented as a three-dimensional crystal lattice matter with a very s...

The nature of Mashhoon’s spin-rotation coupling is the interaction between a particle spin (gravitomagnetic moment) and a gravitomagnetic field. Here we will consider the coupling of graviton spin to the weak gravitomagnetic fields by analyzing the Lagrangian density of weak gravitational field, and hence study the purely gravitational generalization of Mashhoon’s spin-rotation couplings. PACS ...

We continue our investigation of a variational principle for general relativity in which the metric tensor and the (asymmetric) linear connection are varied independently. As in Part I, the matter Lagrangian is minimally coupled to the connection and the gravitational Lagrangian is taken to be the curvature scalar, but we now relax the Riemannian constraint as far as possible-that is, as far as...

We review the current status and prospects for the conformal invariant fourth order theory of gravity which has recently been advanced by Mannheim and Kazanas 1−9 as a candidate alternative to the standard second order Einstein theory. We examine how it is possible in principle to replace the Einstein theory at all while retaining its tested features, and we appeal to the wisdom gleaned from pa...

We consider the use of a microwave parametric converter for the direct detection of gravitational effects at the LHC. Because of the extra dimensions the strength of the gravitational interaction in the bulk grows at high energies. This leads to possibly detectable signals. The existence of additional dimensions has been widely discussed in connection with string theory [1]. It has been propose...

Curiosity is an intrinsic characteristic of the human nature. One puzzle that philosophers and physicists have pondered for centuries is the question “what is matter?”. The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed it is made of indivisible elements, that he called “atoms”. Incredibly, this first intuition from 400 a.C. was closer to our present description than he might imagined. The long tale of ...

We derive compact analytical formulae of the Bonneau-Martin type for the reaction e + e − → ¯ f f γ with cuts on minimal energy and acollinearity of the fermions, where the photons may be emitted both from the initial or final states. Soft-photon exponentiation is also taken into account. One of the cleanest scattering processes at elementary particle accelerators is fermion-pair production in ...

We derive compact analytical formulae of the Bonneau-Martin type for the reaction e + e − → ¯ f f γ with cuts on minimal energy and acollinearity of the fermions, where the photons may be emitted both from the initial or final states. Soft-photon exponentiation is also taken into account. One of the cleanest scattering processes at elementary particle accelerators is fermion-pair production in ...