This review describes the methods of trapping cold atoms in electromagnetic fields and in the combined electromagnetic and gravity fields. We discuss first the basic types of the dipole radiation forces used for cooling and trapping atoms in the laser fields. We outline next the fundamentals of the laser cooling of atoms and classify the temperature limits for basic laser cooling processes. The...

Birds are powerful indicator of an ecosystem because of their thin skull, feathers as dielectric receptor, high mobility and use of areas having high electromagnetic field. Among the total publications on the impact of electromagnetic radiation on living beings, only 3% are on birds. Both positive and negative results are reported regarding the biological responses of birds exposed to electroma...

Crystals present a uniquely simple environment for the investigation of strong electromagnetic fields. When energetic charged particles are incident on crystals close to major crystallographic directions, their electromagnetic interactions depend crucially on the kinematic conditions. The coherence of the crystalline field can produce very strong electric fields in the rest frame of the particl...

A comprehensive review isn preparation of a diverse class of electromagnetic radiation processes, which may occur in atomic systems, crystal lattices, and e ergetic lectron beams interacting with uniform or pe iodic electric and magnetic fields. We present an i troduction to his review, in the form of a survey of various fundamental electromagnetic radiation processes, from both the classical a...

Modern civilization is an electromagnetic one. Low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) showed to exert quite subtle biologic effects as a consequence of continuous exposure of living beings to their influence and the summing up of their otherwise limited impact. If high frequency and microwave EMFs are now considered potentially dangerous due to some controversial experimental results and c...

background: with increased use of computers, exposure to electric and magnetic fields is increasing, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the electric and magnetic field strength in portable computers (laptops) and its relation with eyestrain users. methods: in this cross – sectional study, magnetic and electric fields in 125 laptop computers were measured from 30 cm and 50 cm dista...

In the paper first the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation to human beings are pointed out. The sources of electromagnetic energy encountered in occupational and general public environment are revealed and the thermal and nonthermal influences of their electromagnetic fields are briefly discussed. A survey of exposure limits adopted in different national and international standards and...

Article history: Received 4 February 2011 Received in revised form 1 June 2011 Accepted 2 June 2011 Electron avalanches are the main constituent of electrical discharges in the atmosphere. However, the electromagnetic radiation field generated by a single electron avalanche growing in different field configurations has not yet been evaluated in the literature. In this paper, the electromagnetic...