The mobility and solvation of lithium ions in electrolytes are crucial for the performance and safety of lithium ion batteries. It has been known that a single type of solvent cannot satisfy the requirements of both mobility and solvation simultaneously for electrolytes. Therefore, complex solvent mixtures have been used to optimize both properties. Here we present the effects of density on the...

Since the early nineties there have been a number of reports on the experimental development of Mg electrolytes based on organo/amide-magnesium chlorides and their transmetalations. However, there are no theoretical papers describing the underlying operating mechanisms of Mg electrolytes, and there is no clear understanding of these mechanisms. We have therefore attempted to clarify the operati...

The dynamic interactions between synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I) shape membrane potential fluctuations and determine patterns of neuronal outputs; however, the spatiotemporal organization of these interactions within a single cell is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between local synaptic excitation and global inhibition in hippocampal pyramidal neurons using f...

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 326 30 OCTOBER 2009 633 COVER Crystal structures of the 70S ribosome from the bacterium Thermus thermophilus in complex with translation elongation factors Tu (EF-Tu) and G (EF-G). During protein synthesis, EF-Tu (in periwinkle blue, center) delivers an aminoacyl transfer RNA (green) to the ribosome for each amino acid indicated by the messenger RNA. As the polype...

INTRODUCTION It has been estimated that cytogenetically visible rearrangements are present in approximately 1% of newborns. These chromosomal changes can cause a wide range of deleterious developmental effects, including mental retardation (MR). It is assumed that many other cases exist where the cause is a submicroscopic deletion or duplication. To facilitate the detection of such cases, diffe...

Introduction: Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a rare form of salt­wasting syndrome, caused by peripheral resistance to aldosterone. PHA is of three types: PHA type 1, 2, 3. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) is further differentiated into, (i) hereditary forms, autosomal recessive and dominant, which are caused by epithelial sodium channel and mineralocorticoid receptor mutations respective...

INTRODUCTION Acute heart failure (AHF) is a leading cause of hospitalization and readmission in the US. The present study evaluated maximum diuresis while minimizing electrolyte imbalances, hemodynamic instability, and kidney dysfunction, to achieve a euvolemic state safely in a shorter period of time. METHODS AND RESULTS A protocol of combined therapy with furosemide, metolazone, and spirono...

The objective of this article is to provide a review of the fundamental aspects of body fluid balance and the physiological consequences of water imbalances, as well as discuss considerations for the optimal composition of a fluid replacement beverage across a broad range of applications. Early pioneering research involving fluid replacement in persons suffering from diarrheal disease and in mi...