introduction: neural stimulation is a promising new technology for the treatment of medically-intractable seizures.  transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is a simple, non-invasive, low cost technique which is widely used in neurophysiology. in a few studies that have been performed at different frequencies the therapeutic effects of this technique were not obvious. repetition of low frequenc...

Two approaches to the study of the kindling phenomenon were discussed: 1) an attempt to identify the pattern of neural activity required to produce the changes underlying kindling and 2) an investigation into the nature of those changes. Three experiments were reported that used the neocortical transcallosal system as a monosynaptic model system in which to study possible synaptic mechanisms of...

To test the hypothesis that the cortex participates in amygdaloid kindling in rats, bilateral aspiration lesions were made in various cortical areas in rats prior to kindling. Lesions in orbital cortex (on the dorsal lip of the rhinal sulcus) or prefrontal cortex (area 10) significantly retarded the rate of amygdaloid kindling; lesions in motor cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, or visual corte...

Rats received kindling stimulations to the perirhinal cortex (PRh), ventral hippocampus (VH), or dorsal hippocampus (DH) in 1 environment and an equivalent number of sham stimulations in a 2nd environment. The PRh-kindled rats displayed rapid kindling and a swift emergence of conditioned interictal defensiveness. In contrast, the VH- and DH-kindled rats displayed much slower kindling and slow o...

Amygdala kindling is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with convulsion. The rapid amygdala kindling has an advantage on quick development of motor seizures and for antiepileptic drugs screening. The rapid amygdala kindling causes epileptogenesis accompanied by an anxiolytic response in early isolation of rat pups or depressive behavior in immature rats. However, the effect of rapid amygda...

Kindling might represent a heuristic model for understanding the etiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Kindling occurs when an organism is exposed repeatedly to an initially sub-threshold stimulus resulting in hypersensitivity and spontaneous seizure-like activity. Among patients with ME/CFS, chronically repeated low-intensity stimulation due to an infectious ...

The role of the brain monoamines in the development of hippocampal kindling was studied. Reserpine markedly facilitated the formation of hippocampal kindling. The high amplitude spike waves in the amygdala and reticular formation appeared earlier in the reserpine treated rats than in the saline injected rats. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine did not have any effect on the formation of hippocampal kindli...

A B S T R A C T Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which patients experience spontaneous recurrent seizures. Although the most commonly recommended therapy is drug treatment, some patients do not achieve adequate control of their seizures on existing drugs. New medications with novel mechanisms of action are needed to help those patients whose seizures are resistant to...

The effects of kindling of the right anterior medial amygdala of Wistar rats was studied. Kindling lastingly increased anxiety (decreased open-arm exploration) in the elevated plus-maze 1 week after the last kindled seizure, replicating previous findings. Changes in anxiety were independent of changes in exploration or activity in either the plus-maze or hole board. A new finding is the depende...

Nineteen patients were analyzed who exhibited cognitive-dysmnesic psychic partial seizures and structural damage shown by means of CT scans. It was observed that these seizures originated in the amygdala-hippocampal system, coinciding with the effects found when using electrical stimulation of the brain. An attempt is made to relate these findings to the present biochemical hypotheses of schizo...