The El Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae O1, causing the current seventh pandemic of cholera, has replaced the classical biotype, which caused the sixth pandemic. The CTX prophages encoding cholera toxin in the two biotypes have distinct repressor (rstR) genes. Recently, new variants of El Tor strains that carry the classical type (CTX(class)) prophage have emerged. These "hybrid" strains apparent...

Feeley and Pittman (Bull. World Health Organ. 28:347, 1963) speculated that a hemolysin (HL) destructive enzyme produced by El Tor vibrio at a late stage of growth lowers the HL titer. We proved the production of an HL-destructive factor (HDF) by strains of classical cholera and El Tor vibrio and established an in vitro method for quantitative titration of HDF. HL was prepared by growing a hemo...

BACKGROUND Cholera infection continues to be a threat to global public health. The current cholera pandemic associated with Vibrio cholerae El Tor has now been ongoing for over half a century. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Thirty-eight V. cholerae El Tor isolates associated with a cholera outbreak in 2009 from the Chandigarh region of India were characterised by a combination of microbiology...

Vibrio cholerae is commonly found in estuarine water systems. Toxigenic O1 and O139 V. cholerae strains have caused cholera epidemics and pandemics, whereas the nontoxigenic strains within these serogroups only occasionally lead to disease. To understand the differences in the genome and clonality between the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, we employed ...

Viral and immunologic examination of human immunodefi ciency virus type-1 infected , persistently seronegative persons. Rapid disease progression without sero-conversion following primary human im-munodefi ciency virus type 1 infection— evidence for highly susceptible human hosts. J, et al. Human immunodefi ciency virus infection and AIDS in a person with negative serology. humoral and cellular...

To provide optimum protection against classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1, a single-dose, oral cholera vaccine was developed by combining two live, attenuated vaccine strains, CVD 103-HgR (classical, Inaba) and CVD 111 (El Tor, Ogawa). The vaccines were formulated in a double-chamber sachet; one chamber contained lyophilized bacteria, and the other contained buffer. In the first...

ince the early 1800s, there have been 7 cholera pandemics, and 2011 marks not only the 1-year anniversary of the reappearance of cholera in Haiti but also the 50th anniversary of the onset of the current cholera pandemic that began in Indonesia in 1961. All previous pandemics lasted 5–25 years before burning out. However, the current pandemic has shown no evidence of abating. Cholera is a disea...

cholera is an infection of the small intestines caused by the bacterium v. cholerae. it is a major cause of health threat and also a major cause of death worldwide and especially in developing countries. the major virulence factor produced by v. cholerae during infection is the cholera toxin. total mrna extraction and reverse transcription was performed for making ctxab cdna. relative real-time...

Mild Wolf–Hirschhorn Phenotype in a Girl With Unbalanced t(4p;12p) Translocation Without Seizures Cinzia Galasso,* Adriana Lo-Castro, Nadia El-Malhany, Marcella Zollino, Marina Murdolo, Daniela Orteschi, Maria Luisa Manca Bitti, and Paolo Curatolo Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, ‘‘Tor Vergata’’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy Department of Medical Genetics, Catholic Univer...

The bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, is often found attached to plankton, a property that is thought to contribute to its environmental persistence in aquatic habitats. The V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype and V. cholerae O139 strains produce a surface pilus termed the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA), whereas V. cholerae O1 classical biotype strains do not. Altho...