Introduction: There has been considerable interest in the spectral response of the lunar surface near 2.8 and 2.95 μm, where OHand H2O have strong absorptions. Previous studies have identified these absorptions with variable strengths across the lunar surface [1–7]. In particular, the absorptions have been found to be most prominent at higher latitudes and at early and late local times (e.g., [...

Realistic physical and chemical descriptions of the Sun require observations that have been made with spectroradiometrically calibrated telescopes and spectrometers, i.e., with instruments that have a known spectral responsivity. Such calibrations assure that a measured spectral radiance or irradiance is determined on a scale that is defined by the radiometric standards realised and used in lab...

All empirical water column correction methods have consistently been reported to require existing depth sounding data for the purpose of calibrating a simple depth retrieval model; they yield poor results over very bright or very dark bottoms. In contrast, we set out to (i) use only the relative radiance data in the image along with published data, and several new assumptions; (ii) in order to ...

The character of data required to measure decade-to-century–scale climatic change is distinctly different from that required for weather prediction or for studies of meteorological processes. The data ought to possess the accuracy to detect the small secular climate changes of interest. To be useful to future investigators, the data must include convincing proof that a given level of accuracy w...

The simulation of remote sensing images is necessary for many tasks, such as the definition of future Earth Observation systems, the optimization of instrument parameters, and the development and validation of data processing algorithms. The presented hyperspectral scene simulator has been developed in the frame of the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) mission. It consists of f...

Reflected solar radiance from the Earth– atmosphere system is polarized. Radiance measurements can be affected by light’s state of polarization if the radiometric sensor has polarization dependence. To enable the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission for inter-calibration of the imagers with polarization dependence, such as the MODIS, the polarization state of...

The spectral radiance measured by an airborne imaging spectrometer for a material on the Earth’s surface depends strongly on the illumination incident of the material and the atmospheric conditions. This dependence has limited the success of material-identification algorithms that rely on hyperspectral image data without associated ground-truth information. In this paper, we use a comprehensive...

Chlorophyll fluorescence (Chf) emission allows estimating the photosynthetic activity of vegetation -a key parameter for the carbon cycle modelsin a quite direct way. However, measuring Chf is difficult because it represents a small fraction of the radiance to be measured by the sensor. This paper analyzes the relationship between the solar induced Chf emission and the photosynthetically active...

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) from airborne or space-based platforms, currently conducted mainly in the 0.4 2.5 μm wavelength region, is a valuable technique for detection and classification of materials and objects on the Earth's surface. In a typical analysis, the spectral radiance data are "corrected" or compensated for the atmospheric and illumination conditions to yield spectral reflectance,...

Designing micro-optics for light-emitting diodes must take into account the near-field radiance and relative spectral power distributions of the emitting LED die surfaces. We present the design and application of a near-field goniospectroradiometer for this purpose.