the state of post revolutionary iran adopted economic policies over 1980-1988 which we can phrase redistributive economic policies. according to a part of revolutionary literature, adoption of these policies by the post revolutionary state is, partly, one of the structural features of that state. but it is not a main debate of this article. rather, basic concern of the article, as some of the p...

The rise of education has featured prominently in the debate on the sources of modern long-term economic growth. Existing accounts stress the role of public education and the importance of political support for its provision. We argue that such an explanation for the spread of schooling is probably a poor fit for many nations’ schooling histories and provide an example, using detailed data on s...

This paper uses the Chinese historical path to mass education in the early 20th century to tackle one hotly debated question — what factors explain the rise of public schooling? Given China’s political turmoil and economic backwardness through the early 20th century, the expansion of mass education that was mainly driven by increasing public efforts seems puzzling. Based on a newly assembled da...

One of the best-known and most replicated laboratory results in behavioral economics is that bargainers frequently reject low offers, even when it harms their material self-interest. This finding could have important implications for international negotiations on many problems facing humanity today, because models of international bargaining assume exactly the opposite: that policy makers are r...

Horse riding (HR) is a sport harmonized with rider and horse. HR is renowned as an effective sport for young and old women and men. There is rare study regarding comparison between elite horse riders and amateurs. We aimed to investigate comprehensive ranges of parameters such as change of lactate, heart rate, calorie, VO2max, skeletal muscle mass, body water, body fat, etc between amateurs and...

Various theories claim to account for the development towards a unified Europe. Many of these offer an explanation of the contemporary process with regard to the European Union as a politico-economic entity at present. Yet, more often than not the history of Europe as a multifarious collection of national states is hardly taken into account in a systematic way. In addition, the role of politica...

Is the Norwegian welfare state model under pressure? In this article we argue that this model will persist to the extent that there is a relatively strong consensus among the majority of the national elites to support it. The empirical results presented indicate that the majority of the Norwegian elites at the time of the study (2000) supported the basic institutions and policies in the model a...

The focus of the article is analysis prospects relationship between Russia and India. author examines attitudes elites in both countries towards each other, using historical sociology, theory cultural hegemony, post-colonialism to explain formation perspectives these elites. objective subjective economic political conditions have, until recently, hindered any genuine efforts bringing two closer...

More than providing simply nutritive value, food in human societies can be endowed with great social weight. Aspects of any given food system inform, and are informed by, a variety of social, economic, religious, historical, ecological, cultural, and political processes. Moreover, food systems are often intentionally designed and executed to communicate key aspects of a consumer’s identity incl...