To ensure track stability and good earthwork performance for high-speed railways the surface wave velocity in earthworks should exceed train’s speed. Specifications rail are now stating minimum Rayleigh (V R ) velocities to be checked during construction. This requires suitable reliable geophysical tests, however there no defined standards or data collection processing protocols. Additionally, ...

Construction industry is considered as labour intensive, having shortage of skilled labour, unsafe with large number of industrial accidents. Construction industry requires high technology automation products (Robots) for improving productivity, safety, quality etc. Robots are developed by various countries in different areas like demolition, earthwork, bridge, tunnels, road work, underwater wo...

Once the horizontal alignment of a forest road section between two known locations has been determined by establishing a series of intersection points, the most economic vertical alignment can be identified using heuristic techniques. In a previous research work, Simulated Annealing (SA) was used to locate the optimal vertical alignment for a preselected horizontal alignment, while subject to t...

The concept of tectonics has always been dependent on the duality between technology and representation. Botticher (1852) acknowledged the tectonic duality between structure and cladding. Semper (1951), conversely, highlighted the role of the joint in tectonics within its four elements of earthwork, hearth, framework–roof and enclosing membrane. His approach promoted the essence of the presence...