We investigate the effects of fiscal policy surprises for US data, using vector autoregressions. We overcome the difficulties that changes in fiscal policy may manifest themselves in variables other than fiscal variables first and that fiscal variables may respond ”automatically” to business cycle conditions. We do so by using sign restrictions on the impulse responses as method of identificati...

Poverty is an emerging issue that being debated upon in both developed and developing countries, including South Africa. This research investigates the factors affect poverty Africa, as well theoretical connections between country's key macroeconomic variables using annual time series data for 1996-2019. The stationarity test found some were not stationary at level but after first differencing;...

 Libya experienced a substantial increase in oil revenue as a result of increased oil prices during the period of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and again after 2000. Recent increases in oil production and the price of oil, and their positive and negative macroeconomic impacts upon key macroeconomic variables, are of considerable contemporary importance to an oil dependent economy such as that...

Poxvirus DNA replication generates linear concatemers containing many copies of the viral genome with inverted repeat sequences at the junctions between monomers. The inverted repeats refold to generate Holliday junctions, which are cleaved by the virus-encoded resolvase enzyme to form unit-length genomes. Here we report studies of the influence of metal cofactors on the activity and structure ...

In this paper we study the efficient allocation of health resources across individuals. We focus on the relation between health resources and income. In particular we determine the efficient level of the health care social safety net for the indigent. We assume that individuals have different life cycle profiles of productivity. Health care increases survival probability. We adopt the classical...

We use a general equilibrium model to address the question whether a regulatory emission standard or an emission tax yields higher societal welfare for any given target on aggregate emission. The key feature of the model is that the plants are heterogeneous in productivity and monopolistically competitive in the production of dirty-goods whose by-product is emission. We …nd that the standard yi...

We present a simple model of the macroeconomy that includes a role for an assetprice bubble, and derive optimal monetary policy settings for two policy-makers. The first policy-maker, a sceptic, does not attempt to forecast the future possible paths for the asset-price bubble when setting policy. The second policy-maker, an activist, takes into account the complete stochastic implications of th...

Colicin E3 is a cytotoxic ribonuclease that specifically cleaves 16S rRNA at the ribosomal A-site to abolish protein synthesis in sensitive Escherichia coli cells. We have performed extensive mutagenesis of the 96-residue colicin E3 cytotoxic domain (E3 rRNase), assayed mutant colicins for in vivo cytotoxicity, and tested the corresponding E3 rRNase domains for their ability to inactivate ribos...

PURPOSE The development of photoreceptor replacement therapy for retinal degenerative disorders requires the identification of the optimal cell source and immunosuppressive regimen in a large animal model. Allotransplants are not acutely rejected in swine subretinal space, although it is not known if survival can be improved with immunosuppression. Here we investigated the survival and integrat...