Cowden syndrome (CS), also known as multiple hamartoma-neoplasia syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disease with numerous possible clinical manifestations. Commonly present are skin changes including acral keratoses and facial trichilemmomas, as well as oral papillomas and scrotal tongue. There is an increased risk of malignancies including breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancers. Hamartomas m...

Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) or dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum is a rare benign lesion of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by overgrowth of cerebellar ganglion cells which replace granular cells and Purkinje cells; this results in gross thickening of the cerebellar folia. It is revealed by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, cerebellar impairment and obstructive hydrocep...

lead to muscular dystrophies: Duchenne/Becker dystrophy, associated to dystrophin protein defects, congenital dystrophy, due to laminin-2 absence, and sarcoglycanopathies, a subset of limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) related to deficiency of the sarcoglycans (Straub & Campbell, 1997). Mutations in the α-sarcoglycan gene (Sgca), causing the lack or alterations of the protein, are responsi...

Testing for stochastic dominance among distributions is an important issue in the study of asset management, income inequality, and market efficiency. This paper conducts Monte Carlo simulations to examine the sizes and powers of several commonly used stochastic dominance tests when the underlying distributions are correlated or heteroskedastic. Our Monte Carlo study shows that the test develop...