T he units that are subject to selection pressure in evolutionary biology are ‘‘strategies,’’ which are conditional actions (for example, do P if X occurs; otherwise do Q). In contrast, the units in economics (they are called ‘‘people’’) select strategies from available menus so as to further their projects and purposes. If evolutionary dynamics involves mindless competition among strategies, e...

PURPOSE To report the surgical effect in upshoot of Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) with corecession of horizontal rectus muscles with or without Y-splitting. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of six patients of DRS received muscle surgeries for upshoot in adducted position was performed. RESULTS From 1994 to 2010, six Duane patients received muscle surgeries for upshoots of...