Exploring changes of building energy consumption and its relationships with climate can provide basis for energy-saving and carbon emission reduction. Heating and cooling energy consumption of different types of buildings during 1981-2010 in Tianjin city, was simulated by using TRNSYS software. Daily or hourly extreme energy consumption was determined by percentile methods, and the climate impa...

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In this paper the effect of site conditions, which are Altitude, Temperature and Relative Humidity and also Heat Dissipation Capacity are investigated on the optimized design of natural draft dry cooling towers with specific kind of heat exchangers, known as Forgo T60 type. A genetic algorithm program has been developed for optimized design of these cooling towers. Objective function includes b...

in a steam power plant, the temperature of the cooling water leaving the condenser for recyclingshould decrease. this is achieved in a cooling tower. the heller cooling tower does not require waterfor operation, thus, it is a suitable system for use in thermal power plants throughout iran. wind is anenvironmental factor that unfavorably affects the performance of a cooling tower. previous studi...

The effects of cooling on neuromuscular function and performance during gait are not fully examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of local cooling for 20 min in cold water at 10°C in a climate chamber also at 10°C on maximal isometric force and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the lower leg muscles. Gait ground reaction forces (GRFs) were also assessed. Sixteen he...

Coal-fired power plants account for nearly 50% of U.S. electricity supply and about a third of U.S. emissions of CO(2), the major greenhouse gas (GHG) associated with global climate change. Thermal power plants also account for 39% of all freshwater withdrawals in the U.S. To reduce GHG emissions from coal-fired plants, postcombustion carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems are receiving consi...

in this paper the effect of site conditions, which are altitude, temperature and relative humidity and also heat dissipation capacity are investigated on the optimized design of natural draft dry cooling towers with specific kind of heat exchangers, known as forgo t60 type. a genetic algorithm program has been developed for optimized design of these cooling towers. objective function includes b...

For controlled environment agriculture (CEA) related facility planning and design, weather information for the specific location are required for the estimation of heating/cooling loads and design of environmental control components and systems. Summer/Winter design temperature and degree day were the traditional methods used by the engineers to estimate the annual cooling/heating load. Weather...

Compressor intercooling has traditionally been employed to reduce compressor work and augment gas turbine output power. Conventional intercooling schemes are usually applied through nonmixed heat exchangers between two compressor stages or by cooling the outside of the compressor casing. Any cooling schemes that may affect the flow field inside the compressors have not been favorably considered...

Rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were cooled from 30 to approximately 1 degree C immediately after discontinuing electrical stimulation (0.5 Hz). This produced a contracture that was 30-50% of the preceding twitch magnitude and required 20-30 s to develop. The contractures were identical in cooling solutions with normal (144 mM) or low (2.0 mM) Na. They were therefore not Na-withdrawa...