Knowledge about hypothetical outcomes from unchosen actions is beneficial only when such outcomes can be correctly attributed to specific actions. Here we show that during a simulated rock-paper-scissors game, rhesus monkeys can adjust their choice behaviors according to both actual and hypothetical outcomes from their chosen and unchosen actions, respectively. In addition, neurons in both dors...

39 40 The dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex are two interconnected brain areas 41 that are co-activated in tasks involving functions such as spatial attention and working 42 memory. The response properties of neurons in the two areas are in many respects 43 indistinguishable, yet only prefrontal neurons are able to resist interference by distracting 44 stimuli when subjects ...

Both dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex have been implicated in spatial working memory and representation of task information. Prior experiments training animals to recall the first of a sequence of stimuli and examining the effect of subsequent distractors have identified increased ability of the prefrontal cortex to represent remembered stimuli and filter distractors. It is...

Objective—This study was carried out to confirm prior evidence of an effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene (a putative risk factor for schizophrenia) on measures of N-acetylaspartate in healthy comparison subjects. Method—Fifty-four carefully screened healthy volunteers genotyped at SNP rs6465084 underwent magnetic resonance spectr...

Experimental data indicate a role for the prefrontal cortex in mediating normal sleep physiology, dreaming and sleep-deprivation phenomena. During nonrandom-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, frontal cortical activity is characterized by the highest voltage and the slowest brain waves compared to other cortical regions. The differences between the self-awareness experienced in waking and its diminution...

The introduction of structural and functional neuroimaging methods has significantly improved our knowledge ofneurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to present the results of studies using magnetic resonance imagining and positron emission tomography in affective disorders. The most consistently reported structural abnormalities in major depressive disorder in...

We apply Dynamic Causal Models to electrocorticogram recordings from two macaque monkeys performing a problem-solving task that engages working memory, and induces time-on-task effects. thus provide computational account of changes in effective connectivity within regions the fronto-parietal network, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex pre-supplementary motor area. find forward connections between i...