Objectives: Doping use is an ongoing concern in both competitive and recreational sports. The present study set out to investigate the effects of a self-affirmation intervention on the decision-making process relevant to doping among elite athletes who were doping users. Design: A between subject experimental design was employed. Method: Sixty competitive athletes using doping substances took p...

We exploited novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon selenide (CSe) with a structure analogous to phosphorene, and probed its electronics and optoelectronics. Calculating phonon spectra using the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) method indicated that 2D CSe possesses dynamic stability, which made it possible to tune and equip CSe with outstanding properties by way of X-doping (X = O, S, ...

Doping is widely known as the use of banned substances and practices by sports personnel particularly athletes in an attempt to improve sporting performances. There are at least two essential reasons to support the fight against doping: the depth of corruption on the ‘fair competition’the sine qua non of all sporting events, and the potential harmful effects on athletes. To ensure equal competi...

Background: In order to design effective and commonly accepted policies against Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PED), it is crucial to understand general attitudes towards doping in the population. Little is known about both attitudes toward doping, and the factors that shape such attitudes. Individual-level predictors of this study include age, gender, and whether respondents were former amateur ...

What determines species diversity is dramatic concern in science. Here we report the effect of doping on diversity in spatiotemporal rock-paper-scissors (RPS) games, which can be observed directly in ecological, biological and social systems in nature. Doping means that there exists some buffer patches which do not involve the main procession of the conflicts but occupied the game space. Quanti...

INTRODUCTION Since ancient times, competitive athletes have been familiar with the use of ergogenic aids and they will probably continue to use unfair and harmful substances in future, because their inclination to victory, along with the mirage of glory and money, will probably overcome health and legal risks. SOURCES OF DATA We searched PubMed using the term doping over the period 1990 to th...

the cu doped nio (nio:cu) nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method using nicl2.6h2o, cucl2.2h2o for ni and cu sources, respectively. sodium hydroxide has been used as a precipitator agent. effect of cu doping agent on the structural and optical properties of nanostructures were characterized by xrd, sem, afm, spectrophotometry, ftir and vsm techniques. xrd revealed that nio:cu ...

This paper shows that base doping profiles obtained using any iterative scheme for reducing the base transit time T{, in bipolar transistors for a given neutral base width must take into account the heavy doping effects implicitly. Comparing our results with those reported earlier, we demonstrate that if the heavy doping effects are not implicitly included in the iterative scheme it will result...

The design of stacks of layered materials in which adjacent layers interact by van der Waals forces has enabled the combination of various two-dimensional crystals with different electrical, optical and mechanical properties as well as the emergence of novel physical phenomena and device functionality. Here, we report photoinduced doping in van der Waals heterostructures consisting of graphene ...

BACKGROUND Use of genetic doping or gene transfer technology will be the newest and the lethal method of doping in future and have some unpleasant consequences for sports, athletes, and outcomes of competitions. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) defines genetic doping as "the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements, and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance "....