Recent experiments on ferroelectric gating have introduced a novel functionality, i.e., nonvolatility, in graphene field-effect transistors. A comprehensive understanding in the nonlinear, hysteretic ferroelectric gating and an effective way to control it are still absent. In this Letter, we quantitatively characterize the hysteretic ferroelectric gating using the reference of an independent ba...

Horse racing in Japan consists of two systems, the National (10 racecourses) and the Regional public racing (32 racecourses) having about 2,500 racing meetings in total per year. Urine or saliva samples for dope testing are collected by the officials from thw winner, second and third, and transported to the laboratory in a frozen state. In 1975, 76, 117 samples were analyzed by this laboratory....

A means to control the net doping of a CQD solid is identified via the design of the bidentate ligand crosslinking the material. The strategy does not rely on implementing different atmospheres at different steps in device processing, but instead is a robust strategy implemented in a single processing ambient. We achieve an order of magnitude difference in doping that allows us to build a grade...

Doping is an effective way to modify the electronic property of two-dimensional (2D) materials and endow them with additional functionalities. However, wide-range control doping concentratio...

TO THE EDITOR: Ideally, anti-doping testing is designed to ensure fair competition and prevent athletes’ harm from unfair practices. While the former issue is questionable, since fairness in sports is mostly a chimera, the latter is foremost and theoretically viable (1–3). The recent study of Lundy et al. (5) proved what everybody in the field of laboratory and sports medicine has supposed for ...

TO THE EDITOR: Ideally, anti-doping testing is designed to ensure fair competition and prevent athletes’ harm from unfair practices. While the former issue is questionable, since fairness in sports is mostly a chimera, the latter is foremost and theoretically viable (1–3). The recent study of Lundy et al. (5) proved what everybody in the field of laboratory and sports medicine has supposed for ...

The aim of this study was to determine the rate of doping and performance enhancing drug use in athletes in Sivas, Turkey, and to analyze the main reasons for the use. This was a cross-sectional study based on a self-report questionnaire. The subjects filled the questionnaires under the supervision of the investigators during interviews. This questionnaire included 24 items describing the popul...

The direct assessment of explicit attitudes toward performance enhancing substances, for example Neuroenhancement or doping in sports, can be affected by social desirability biases and cheating attempts. According to Dual Process Theories of cognition, indirect measures like the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure automatic associations toward a topic (as opposed to explicit attitudes measu...

Field-based anti-doping interventions in sport are scarce and focus on athletes. However, coaches are recognized as one of the most significant source of influence in terms of athletes' cognitions, affect, and behavior. In this paper, we present the protocol for a cluster randomized control trial which aims to contrast the relative effects of a 'motivation and anti-doping' intervention program ...