Single domain antibodies (sdAb) are the recombinantly expressed variable regions from the heavy-chain-only antibodies found in camelids and sharks. SdAb are able to bind antigens with high affinity, and most are capable of refolding after heat or chemical denaturation to bind antigen again. Starting with our previously isolated ricin binding sdAb determined to bind to four non-overlapping epito...

Inhibiting antibodies targeting receptor-binding pockets in proteins is a major focus in the development of vaccines and in antibody-based therapeutic strategies. Here, by using a common mannose-specific fimbrial adhesin of Escherichia coli, FimH, we demonstrate that locking the adhesin in a low-binding conformation induces the production of binding pocket-specific, adhesion-inhibiting antibodi...

background: monoclonal antibodies have been employed extensively for the identification of leishmania species, development of diagnostic tests and in the characterization of defined leishmanial antigens. objectives: identification and characterization of  leishmania spp. directly from cutaneous lesions of infected individuals. methods: an immunoperoxidase test (avidin-biotin technique) using mo...

Whether β1 integrin ectodomains visit conformational states similarly to β2 and β3 integrins has not been characterized. Furthermore, despite a wealth of activating and inhibitory antibodies to β1 integrins, the conformational states that these antibodies stabilize, and the relation of these conformations to function, remain incompletely characterized. Using negative-stain electron microscopy, ...

A key step to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is attachment of its Spike receptor-binding domain (S RBD) host receptor ACE2. Considerable research has been devoted development neutralizing antibodies, including llama-derived single-chain nanobodies, target motif (RBM) and block ACE2-RBD binding. Simple effective strategies increase potency are desirable for such studies when antibodies only modestly e...